Chapter 5: Mood Disorders Flashcards
What are mood disorders?
disorders such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion
What are the two broad types of mood disorders recognized by the DSM-5?
- unipolar disorders
2. bipolar disorders
What are unipolar depressive disorders?
disorders that involve only depressive symptoms
What are bipolar disorders?
disorders that involve depressive and manic symptoms
What are the major features of Major depressive disorder?
five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or loss of pleasure, for 2 weeks
What are the major features of Persistent depressive disroder?
Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for 2 years
What are the features of Premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
mood symptoms in the week before menses; very little is known about it
What are the features of Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10 (in children and adolescents)
What are the features of bipolar I disorder?
at least one lifetime manic episode
What are the features of bipolar II disorder?
at least one lifetime hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
What are the features of cyclothymia?
recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least 2 years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes
What is psychomotor retardation?
a symptom commonly observed in major depressive disorder in which the person moves his or her limbs and body slowly
What is psychomotor agitation?
sometimes observed in MDD, a symptom characterized by pacing, restlessness, and inability to sit still
What must the symptoms of MDD include, according to the DSM-5?
MUST include either depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure AND ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS (ex: changes in sleep, appetite, concentration, decision making, feelings of worthlessness, suicidality)
What is an episodic disorder?
a condition, such as MDD, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur
What percentage of people who recovered from a first episode of MDD experienced at least one more episode across the 10 year follow up?
40-50%
What percentage of people reported experiencing depressive episodes that persisted for more than 2 years?
5%
What are some reasons that women are twice as likely to experience depression than men?
- hormone fluctuations
- twice as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse
- women are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors (poverty, caretaker responsibilities)
- “the cost of caring”: women tend to provide more support to others facing stress
- body image
- social roles promote emotion focused coping among women
When does the gender difference in depression emerge?
adolescence
What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
a subtype of mood disorders in which episodes consistently occur at the same time of year; in the most common form, major depressive episodes consistently occur in the winter
What is the relationship between fish consumption and depression?
countries w/ more fish consumption (e.g., Japan and Iceland) have much lower rates of MDD and bipolar disorder
What is the relationship between income disparity and depression?
higher rates of depression among poorer individuals
What are some things that can contribute to seasonal affective disorder?
- a slower metabolism in the winter
- changes in melatonin release
What is a common treatment for seasonal affective disorder?
light therapy