Chapter 1: Introduction and History Overview Flashcards
What is stigma?
the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner
What are the four characteristics of stigma?
- A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
- The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society
- People with the label are seen as essentially different from those w/o the label
- People w/ the label are discriminated against unfairly
What is the difference between disability and dysfunction?
disability is impairment in some important area of life, dysfunction refers to something that has gone wrong and is not working as it should
What are some ways to combat stigma?
education, immersion w/ those w/ mental illness, support and advocacy groups
What is the DSM-5 Criterion for a Mental Disorder?
- disorder occurs within the individual
- involves difficulty in thinking, feeling or behaving
- involves personal distress
- involves dysfunction
- not culturally specific reaction to an event (death of loved one)
- not primarily a result of social deviance of conflict w/ society
Does personal distress characterize all psychological disorders?
No (for example, those w/ antisocial personality disorder may treat others badly w/o feeling any guilt)
What are social norms?
widely held standards that people use consciously or intuitively to make judgements about certain behaviors
What were the early supernatural explanations of psychopathology?
thought that disturbed behavior reflected displeasure fo the gods/possession by demons
What was used to “cure” odd behavior in the early supernatural age?
exorcism
Who was the first to say that mental illness had natural causes and should be treated like physical illness, and separated medicine from religion, magic, and superstition?
Hippocrates
What were the three categories that Hippocrates classified psychological disorders into?
mania, melancholia, and phrentis
What is phrentis?
brain fever
What were Hippocrate’s four humors that balanced healthy brain functioning?
blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
What was the blood humor responsible for?
changeable temperament
What was black bile responsible for?
melancholia
What was yellow bile responsible for?
irritability/anxiousness
Who was regarded as the last great physician of the classical era, whose death was the beginning of the dark ages?
Galen
What thoughts characterized the dark ages?
return to belief in supernatural causes of psychological disorders, christian monasteries replacing physicians as healers
What was the purpose of the dunking test during the lunacy trials?
if a woman did not drown, she was considered to be in league with the devil
What was the purpose of the Holy Trinity Hospital in Salisbury, England?
the mad are kept safe until they are restored of reason
What did the word “bedlam” come to mean during the time of Bethlehem?
a place or scene of wild uproar and confusion
Who was considered the father of American psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush
Why were Benjamin Rush’s beliefs still problematic?
he believed that blood drawing and frightening people were effective treatments
Who was considered a primary figure in the movement for more humane treatment of people w/ psychological disorders in asylums?
Philippe Pinel
Who was a former asylum patient that freed many asylum patients from their chains?
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
What were two asylums that were established to provide humane treatment?
The Friends Asylum and the Hartford Retreat
Why was Pinel still problematic?
he reserved humanitarian treatment for the upper classes (lower class still subjected to terror and coercion)
What is moral treatment?
introduced by Pinel, where mentally ill patients were released from their restraints and were treated w/ compassion and dignity
Who advocated for better treatment at mental health hospitals after moral treatment was abandoned in late nineteenth century?
Dorothea Dix
What are hospitals reserved for people who have been arrested and judged unable to stand trial and those who have been acquitted of a crime by reason of insanity?
forensic hospitals
What happened in the late 1960s - 1970s due to concerns about the restrictive nature of confinement in a mental hospital along with unrealistic enthusiasm about community based treatments?
deinstitutionalization (release from hospital)
Of the people currently in prison or jail, what fraction have a psychological disorder?
over half
Where does the term lunacy come from?
Paracelsus’s theory that attributed odd behavior to misalignment of the moon (luna) and stars
Who established the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
What is the significance of syphilis in the origin of contemporary biological approaches?
found link between syphilis and paresis (steady deterioration of mental and physical abilities)
Who was considered the originator of genetic research with twins and coined the terms nature and nurture?
Francis Galton
Why was Galton problematic?
credited with creating the eugenics movement
Who introduced the practice of inducing a coma with large amounts of insulin, claiming that it showed improvement in schizophrenia patients?
Sakel
Who introduced electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
a treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about this treatment, it can be useful in alleviating profound depression
Who introduced the prefrontal lobotomy?
Egas Moniz
What is the prefrontal lobotomy?
a surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain; especially used for patients w/ violent behavior
Why did the prefrontal lobotomy fall into disrepute?
after the surgery, many people became dull and listless because the parts of their brain that support emotion, thought, and language were damaged
Who was considered one of the earliest practitioners of modern day hypnosis?
Franz Anton Mesmer
What is hysteria?
the physical incapacities, such as blindness or paralysis, for which no physical cause can be found
Who was deceived into supporting hypnosis as a worthy treatment for hysteria?
Jean-Martin Charcot
Who introduced the cathartic method?
Josef Breuer
What is the cathartic method?
a therapeutic procedure where a patient recalls and relives an emotional catastrophe and re experiences the tension and unhappiness
Who published Studies in Hysteria?
Breuer and Freud
Why was the Anna O case problematic?
was later revealed that Breuer and Freud reported the case incorrectly (Breuer only cured Anna O temporarily, and she relied on morphine to ease hysterical problems)
Who originated psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
What is psychoanalytic theory?
theory that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual
What were the three parts of the mind according to Freud?
id, ego, supergo
What is the id?
the part of the personality present at birth, compromising all the energy of the psyche and expressed as biological urges that strive continually for gratification
What is the ego?
predominantly conscious part of the personality responsible for decision making and for dealing w/ reality
What is the superego?
the part of the personality that acts as the conscience and reflects society’s moral standards as learned from parents and teachers
What is a defense mechanism?
a strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety
What is repression?
keeping unacceptable impulses or wishes from conscious awareness?
What is denial?
not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness
What is projection?
attributing to someone else one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings
What is displacement?
redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone else
What is reaction formation?
converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
What is regression?
retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development
What is rationalization?
offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude
What is sublimation?
converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors
What is psychoanalysis?
goal of the therapist is to understand personals early-childhood experiences nature of key relationships, and patterns in current relationships
What is free association?
a person tries to say whatever comes to mind w/o censoring anything
What is interpretation?
the analyst points out the meaning of certain of a person’s behaviors
What is analysis of transference?
the person responds to the analyst in ways that the person has previously responded to other important figures in their life, and the analyst helps the person understand and interpret these responses
What was the main criticism of Freud’s original ideas and methods?
he conducted no formal research on the causes and treatments of psychological disorders
Who was the founder of analytical psychology and proposed a collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
What is the collective unconscious?
a part of the unconscious that is common to all human beings and consists of archetypes
What are archetypes?
basic categories that all human beings use in conceptualizing about the world
Who were two influential figures who derived from Freud’s ideas (and also got into many conflicts w/ Freud)?
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Who developed the individual psychology theory?
Alfred Adler
What is individual psychology?
regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because Adler believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good
What are the 3 commonly held assumptions of psychopathology influenced by Freud and his followers?
- childhood experiences help shape adult personality
- there are unconscious influences on behavior
- the causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious
What is behaviorism?
observable behavior, not consciousness, is the proper subject matter of psychology
What are the three types of modeling that influenced the behaviorist approach?
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
In Pavlov’s dog experiment, what is the meat powder?
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s dog experiment, what is the salivation in response to the meat powder?
unconditioned response
In Pavlov’s dog experiment, what is the ringing of the bell?
conditioned stimulus
In Pavlov’s dog experiment, what is the salivation in response to the bell?
conditioned response
What is extinction?
the elimination of a classically conditioned response by the omission of the unconditioned stimulus
Who conducted the Little Albert experiment, suggesting a possible relationship between classical conditioning and certain disorders?
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Who formulated the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
What does the law of effect state?
behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated, and behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
Who introduced the concept of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is positive reinforcement?
the strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with a desired reward
What is negative reinforcement?
the strengthening of a tendency to exhibit desired behavior by rewarding responses in that situation with the removal of an aversive stimulus
Who used a modeling treatment to reduce fear of dogs in children?
Bandura and Menlove
Who developed systematic desensitization?
Joseph Wolpe
What are the two components of systematic desensitization?
- deep muscle relaxation
- gradual exposure to a list of feared situations, starting with those that arouse minimal anxiety and progressing to those that are the most frightening
What is intermittent reinforcement?
rewarding a response only a portion of the times it appears
What are the benefits of intermittent reinforcement?
it makes new behavior more enduring
What is cognitive therapy?
based on the idea that people not only behave, but also think and feel; how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders
Who developed rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
Albert Ellis
What was the principal thesis of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
to eliminate self-defeating beliefs that interfere w/ a person reaching their full potential
