Chapter 1: Introduction and History Overview Flashcards
What is stigma?
the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner
What are the four characteristics of stigma?
- A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
- The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society
- People with the label are seen as essentially different from those w/o the label
- People w/ the label are discriminated against unfairly
What is the difference between disability and dysfunction?
disability is impairment in some important area of life, dysfunction refers to something that has gone wrong and is not working as it should
What are some ways to combat stigma?
education, immersion w/ those w/ mental illness, support and advocacy groups
What is the DSM-5 Criterion for a Mental Disorder?
- disorder occurs within the individual
- involves difficulty in thinking, feeling or behaving
- involves personal distress
- involves dysfunction
- not culturally specific reaction to an event (death of loved one)
- not primarily a result of social deviance of conflict w/ society
Does personal distress characterize all psychological disorders?
No (for example, those w/ antisocial personality disorder may treat others badly w/o feeling any guilt)
What are social norms?
widely held standards that people use consciously or intuitively to make judgements about certain behaviors
What were the early supernatural explanations of psychopathology?
thought that disturbed behavior reflected displeasure fo the gods/possession by demons
What was used to “cure” odd behavior in the early supernatural age?
exorcism
Who was the first to say that mental illness had natural causes and should be treated like physical illness, and separated medicine from religion, magic, and superstition?
Hippocrates
What were the three categories that Hippocrates classified psychological disorders into?
mania, melancholia, and phrentis
What is phrentis?
brain fever
What were Hippocrate’s four humors that balanced healthy brain functioning?
blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
What was the blood humor responsible for?
changeable temperament
What was black bile responsible for?
melancholia
What was yellow bile responsible for?
irritability/anxiousness
Who was regarded as the last great physician of the classical era, whose death was the beginning of the dark ages?
Galen
What thoughts characterized the dark ages?
return to belief in supernatural causes of psychological disorders, christian monasteries replacing physicians as healers
What was the purpose of the dunking test during the lunacy trials?
if a woman did not drown, she was considered to be in league with the devil
What was the purpose of the Holy Trinity Hospital in Salisbury, England?
the mad are kept safe until they are restored of reason
What did the word “bedlam” come to mean during the time of Bethlehem?
a place or scene of wild uproar and confusion
Who was considered the father of American psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush
Why were Benjamin Rush’s beliefs still problematic?
he believed that blood drawing and frightening people were effective treatments
Who was considered a primary figure in the movement for more humane treatment of people w/ psychological disorders in asylums?
Philippe Pinel
Who was a former asylum patient that freed many asylum patients from their chains?
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
What were two asylums that were established to provide humane treatment?
The Friends Asylum and the Hartford Retreat
Why was Pinel still problematic?
he reserved humanitarian treatment for the upper classes (lower class still subjected to terror and coercion)
What is moral treatment?
introduced by Pinel, where mentally ill patients were released from their restraints and were treated w/ compassion and dignity
Who advocated for better treatment at mental health hospitals after moral treatment was abandoned in late nineteenth century?
Dorothea Dix
What are hospitals reserved for people who have been arrested and judged unable to stand trial and those who have been acquitted of a crime by reason of insanity?
forensic hospitals
What happened in the late 1960s - 1970s due to concerns about the restrictive nature of confinement in a mental hospital along with unrealistic enthusiasm about community based treatments?
deinstitutionalization (release from hospital)
Of the people currently in prison or jail, what fraction have a psychological disorder?
over half
Where does the term lunacy come from?
Paracelsus’s theory that attributed odd behavior to misalignment of the moon (luna) and stars
Who established the germ theory of disease?
Louis Pasteur
What is the significance of syphilis in the origin of contemporary biological approaches?
found link between syphilis and paresis (steady deterioration of mental and physical abilities)
Who was considered the originator of genetic research with twins and coined the terms nature and nurture?
Francis Galton
Why was Galton problematic?
credited with creating the eugenics movement
Who introduced the practice of inducing a coma with large amounts of insulin, claiming that it showed improvement in schizophrenia patients?
Sakel
Who introduced electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini
