Chapter 5 - Minerals

Question 0

Crystal lattice

Answer 0

The imaginary framework representing Ye arrangement of atoms

Question 1

To be a mineral it must be

Answer 1

Naturally occurring, solid, formed by geologic processes, definable chemical composition, orderly arrangement of atoms. Pg 148 in organic

Question 2

Crystalline solid

Answer 2

A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern

Question 3

A glass

Answer 3

Atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a semi chaotic way. Pg 124

Question 4

What is a crystal?

Answer 4

A single, continuous piece of a crystalline solid blinded by flat surfaces called Crystal faces that grew naturally as the Mineral formed.

Question 5

Nicholas Steno

Answer 5

The angle between two adjacent Crystal faces is identical to the angle of Crystal faces next to that angle. All angles Ina Quartz is 120 degrees. Pg 124

Question 6

Crystal structure

Answer 6

The way in which atoms are packed

Question 7

Anions

Answer 7

Atoms add elections and become negatively charged

Question 8

Cations

Answer 8

Lose electrons to become positively charged

Question 9

Halite

Answer 9

Rock salt- ironically bonded mineral, consists of oppositely charged ions that stick together Cuz opposites attract. Cl- and Na+.

Question 10

Diamond

Answer 10

Made entirely of carbon. Atoms are in a tetrahedron. Covalent bonds are very strong in turn a diamond is very hard.

Question 11

Graphite

Answer 11

Also made of all carbon it is opposite in look and hardness of a diamond. This is because of the shape the atoms are in they are in sheets and are bonded weakly in van see Waals bonds.

Question 12

Polymorphs

Answer 12

Diamond and graphite.

Two different minerals have same compilation but have different Crystal structures

Question 13

Five ways which a mineral can form:

Answer 13

1. Solidification of a melt or freezing liquid.
2. Can form by evaporation of liquid. Salt crystals
3. Solid- state diffusion
4. Bio Mineralization (fossils)
5. Vapor. Pg 154

Question 14

Geode

Answer 14

A mineral lined cavity in rock

Question 15

Physical properties

Answer 15

Visual and material characteristics that distinguishes one mineral from another.

Question 16

Most commonly used physical properties

Answer 16

Color, streak, luster, hardness, specific Gravity, Crystal habit

Question 17

MOHs hardness scale

Answer 17

Helps in mineral identification. Helps compare hardness of a mineral with a common items. Such as fingernails and a penny

Question 18

Silicates:

Answer 18

Silicon- oxygen tetrahedron. Most minerals in the earth crust. A silicon atom surrounded by four oxygens arranged Ina form of a tetrahedron. Examples: olivine and Quartz
95% of the continental crust.

Question 19

Oxides

Answer 19

Consist of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions. Ex: magnetite and hematite

Question 20

Sulfides

Answer 20

Metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Ex Helena and pyrite

Question 21

Sulfates

Answer 21

Metal cation bonded to the SO2-4 a ionic group. Many font by perspiration out of water at or near the earths surface ex: gypsum

Question 22

Halides

Answer 22

Anion in a halide is a halogen ion. Ex: halite and fluorite

Question 23

Carbonates

Answer 23

CO 2-3 anionic group ex: calcite and dolomite

Question 24

Native metals

Answer 24

Pure masses of a single metal. Metallic bonds. Copper and gold

Question 25

Silicate - independent tetrahedra:

Answer 25

Independent and do not share oxygen atoms. Pg 161 ex: olivine and garnet

Question 26

Silicate- single chain

Answer 26

Tetrahedra link to form a chain by sharing two oxygen atoms each.

Question 27

Silicate double chains

Answer 27

Tetrahedra link to form double chain by sharing two or three oxygens. Black or dark brown elongate crystals with two cleavage directions

Question 28

Sheet silicates

Answer 28

Tetrahedra in this group all share three oxygen atoms and therefore link to form two dimensional sheets. Ex: muscovite and biotite

Question 29

Framework silicates

Answer 29

Each tetrahedron shares all four oxygen atoms with its neighbors forms 3-D structure. ex- feldspar and Quartz

Question 30

Gemstone

Answer 30

Is a mineral that has special value because it is rare and people consider it beautiful.

Question 31

Gem

Answer 31

Is cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry