Chapter 2- Center If The Earth

Question 1

Mars earth Venus and Mercury

Answer 1

Terrestrial planets

Question 2

Saturn and Jupiter

Answer 2

Gas giant planets

Question 3

Neptune and Uranus

Answer 3

Outer ice giant planets

Question 4

Asteroids

Answer 4

Small bodies of rock or metal orbiting the sun.
Planetesimals that were never part of a larger planet
Most occur between Jupiter and mad

Question 5

Comets

Answer 5

Icy planetesimals that orbit the sun.
When approaching the sun they develop a long coma (tail)
Tail= comprised of evaporating gas and dust and points away from sun

Question 6

Dirty snowballs

Answer 6

H20 CO2 CH4 NH3
Other volatiles
Organic compounds
Dust

Question 7

Our atmosphere

Answer 7

Mostly N2 and O2.

• other gases argon, carbon dioxide, neon
• less common hades ( helium, methane and krypton

Question 8

Atmospheric layers

Answer 8

Troposphere - the lower mixing layer, weather is confined to this layer, temperature decreases upward
Stratosphere- no mixing occurs temp increases upward. Ozone area
Mesosphere- temp decreases upward
Thermosphere- outermost layer, temp increase upward farthest from earth

Question 9

Earth is comprised of

Answer 9

Iron- 32.1%
Oxygen- 30.1%
Silicon- 15.1%
Magnesium- 13.9%

91.2%

Question 10

Organic compounds

Answer 10

Carbon- containing compounds
Most are residue from once living creatures
These include wood, pear, liginite, coal and oil.

Question 11

Earth minerals

Answer 11

Crystal- a single coherent mineral with geometric structure
Grain- an irregularly shaped fragment of a larger Crystal
Minerals- comprise rocks and therefore most of the earth

Question 12

Glasses

Answer 12

Non crystalline soldiers

Rapid cooling- too fast for Crystal growth.

Question 13

Rocks

Answer 13

Aggregates of minerals, grains and/or glass

• igneous- cooked from a liquid (melt).
• sedimentary- debris cemented from preexisting Rock grains
• metamorphic- rock altered by pressure and temperature
• rocks may be made of a single mineral

Question 14

Volatiles

Answer 14

Materials that turn into gas at the surface. H2O CO2 CH4 and SO2

Question 15

There are four fundamental silicate igneous rock types

Answer 15

Vary by silica (SiO4) to iron and magnesium.

1. Felsic- Si rich poor in Fe and Mg, granite: Felsic rock with large grains
2. Intermediate
3. Mafic- Si poor but Fe and Mg rich, gabbro large grains and basalt small grains
4. Ultramafic mostly Fe and mg ex: peridotite: small grains

Question 16

Earth layers

Answer 16

Crust, |upper, transitional and lower mantle | liquid outer and solid inner cores

Question 17

The crust

Answer 17

• thickest under mountain ranges thinnest under mid ocean ridges.
• continental crust: Felsic, granitic, low Fe-Mg, to intermediate in composition.
• oceanic crust: Mafic basalt and gabbro, high in Fe and mg.
• overlain by sediments

Question 18

The mantle

Answer 18

• upper, transitional and lower
• Ultramafic rock peridotite
• solid rock, 2,885 km thick 82% of earths volume
• convection aids tectonic plate motion, lava lamp

Question 19

The core

Answer 19

-Iron rich sphere with a radius of 3,471 km.
-Outer core is liquid iron nickel and sulfur
- inner circle is solid iron nickel alloy
-

Question 20

Lithosphere

Answer 20

The outermost 100-150 km of earth

• behaves rigidly as a no flowing material
• compromised of two components: crust and upper mantle
• this is what the tectonic plates are made of

Question 21

Asthenosphere

Answer 21

• upper mantle below the lithosphere
• shallow under oceanic lithosphere; deeper under continental
• flows as a “soft” solid (ductile, malleable, capable of being easily deformed)

Question 22

One AU

Answer 22

Astronomical unit, the distance between the earth and the sun 93 million miles