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Microbiology Exam 2 > Chapter 5 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Ability of an organism to obtain, convert, and utilize energy

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

A series of chemical reactions that occur in a specific order

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4
Q

What is the relationship between metabolism and energy?

A

They either release more energy than they require or require more energy than they release

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5
Q

What is the relationship between exergonic reactions and energy?

A

They release more energy than they require

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6
Q

What kind of reaction is an exergonic reaction?

A

Hydrolytic

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7
Q

Hydrolytic reaction

A

Uses water to break bonds; catabolic

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8
Q

What is the relationship between endergonic reactions and energy?

A

They require more energy than they use

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9
Q

What kind of reaction is an endergonic reaction?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Water is removed so new bonds are formed; anabolic

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11
Q

What does a catabolic reaction do with energy?

A

Releases it

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12
Q

Which kind of reaction is associated with ATP production?

A

Catabolic

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13
Q

What is the relationship of anabolic reactions and energy?

A

They require energy

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14
Q

Which reaction is associated with ATP catabolism?

A

Anabolic

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15
Q

Describe the ATP cycle

A

ATP is broken down, released energy is used by the cell for anabolic reactions to create more ATP

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16
Q

Enzymes

A

Critical for living organisms; needed to make chemical reactions fast enough to maintain life

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17
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Protein

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18
Q

What are the five features of enzymes?

A
  1. very efficient
  2. not used up nor altered
  3. act like catalyst
  4. don’t cause novel reactions
  5. specific to specific substrate
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19
Q

What do substrates bind to in enzymes?

A

Their active site

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20
Q

How are enzymes named?

A

According to the reactions they take part in; end in ‘ase’

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21
Q

What is the name of the protein portion of an enzyme?

A

Apoenzyme

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22
Q

What is the name of the non-organic portion of the enzyme?

A

Cofactor

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23
Q

When is a cofactor a coenzyme?

A

When the cofactor is an organic compound

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24
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

A complete enzyme; apoenzyme + cofactor

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25
Q

What is the function of the cofactor?

A

Receive atoms from substrate and release atoms needed by substrate

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26
Q

T/F - A holoenzyme is composed of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme

A

False

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27
Q

What five things can affect enzyme activity?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Substrate concentration
  4. Concentration of enzyme
  5. Inhibitors
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28
Q

What is the ideal temperature for enzymes?

A

Body temperature

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29
Q

What happens when an enzyme gets cold?

A

It becomes inactive or slow

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30
Q

When does an enzyme denature?

A

When it grows too hot

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31
Q

What pH do enzymes prefer?

A

Neutral

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32
Q

What is the limiting factor in substrate concentrations?

A

The availability of the enzyme active site

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33
Q

T/F - To a point, the more specific substrate available, the greater rate of reaction and end product

A

True

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34
Q

What is the limiting factor in concentration of enzyme?

A

Availability of specific substance

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35
Q

What are the two kinds of enzyme inhibitor?

A

Competitive and Non-competitive

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36
Q

What is another name for non-competitive inhibition?

A

Allosteric inhibition

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37
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A

Block active site of enzyme causing no reaction or different reaction

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38
Q

Why do enzymes hate when a reaction other than the one they were designed for occurs?

A

Energy is lost

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39
Q

How do allosteric inhibitors work?

A

Block anywhere except the active site, make active site change shape

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40
Q

What may be part of a feedback mechanism?

A

Inhibitors

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41
Q

Are ribozymes enzymes?

A

No

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42
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

A type of RNA that acts like an enzyme on RNA only

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43
Q

What do all cells produce?

A

Energy

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44
Q

What happens to electrons in oxidation?

A

They are lost

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45
Q

What happens to electrons in reduction?

A

They are gained

46
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

47
Q

What are electrons always paired with in a solution?

48
Q

Reductants

A

Electron donors that are oxidized

49
Q

Oxidants

A

Electron acceptors that are reduced

50
Q

Occurs in pairs and uses carriers

A

Redox reaction

51
Q

Takes E-/H+ from reductant to oxidant

A

Redox reaction

52
Q

What is the most important pathway for e- carriers?

A

E- transport chain

53
Q

What do e- transport chains work across?

A

Cell membrane

54
Q

What is the purpose of the e- transport chain?

A

To build up a proton gradient

55
Q

What is a proton gradient used for?

A

Production of energy

56
Q

What is the purpose of redox reactions?

A

Obtain energy from nutrients

57
Q

How do redox reactions work?

A

Nutrients are reduced and potential energy is oxidized after catabolism

58
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate to an organic compound; used in redox; ex. P + ADP = ATP

59
Q

Three types of phosphorylation

A
  1. Substrate level
  2. Oxidative
  3. Photophosphorylation
60
Q

In what kind of phosphorylation does nothing happen except the addition of phosphate?

A

Substrate level

61
Q

What kind of phosphorylation is most used during respiration?

62
Q

When are e- transport chains used to build proton gradients?

A

in oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

What is another name for the proton gradient?

A

Proton motive force

64
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

a form of oxidative phosphorylation that uses e-chains to make ATP

65
Q

Which method of ATP production uses the energy of light?

A

Photophosphorylation

66
Q

What two components do all living organisms require?

A

An energy source and a carbon source

67
Q

What is the carbon source of heterotrophs?

A

Organic compounds

68
Q

What is the carbon source of autotrophs?

A

CO2, convert it from gas to useable form

69
Q

What is the energy source of heterotrophs?

A

Light, photosynthesis

70
Q

What is the energy source of chemotrophs?

71
Q

What are the four nutritional categories of living organisms?

A
  1. Photoautotroph
  2. Photoheterotroph
  3. Chemoautotroph
  4. Chemoheterotroph
72
Q

Photoautotroph

A

energy - light; carbon - CO2

73
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

energy - light; carbon - organic compounds

74
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

energy - inorganic chemicals; carbon - CO2

75
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

energy- organic chemicals; carbon - organic compounds

76
Q

To which nutritional category do humans belong?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

77
Q

What are used to produce energy?

A

Carbohydrates (CHDs) - a major source of cellular energy

78
Q

What is the most important CHD?

79
Q

What are the 3 methods of CHD metabolism?

A
  1. Respiration (anaerobic)
  2. Respiration (aerobic)
  3. Fermentation
80
Q

What is the first stage of all 3 types of metabolism?

A

Glycolysis

81
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose, yields 2 pyruvic acid, uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP

82
Q

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Kreb’s cycle

83
Q

How many ATP are made in the second stage of aerobic respiration?

84
Q

What is the third stage of aerobic respiration?

A

e- transport chains and chemiosmosis

85
Q

How many ATP are made by proks in the 3rd stage of aerobic respiration?

A

34 ATP (total 38)

86
Q

How many ATP are made by euks in the 3rd stage of aerobic respiration?

A

32 ATP (total 36)

87
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration

A

Less efficient than aerobic respiration, doesn’t use all of Kreb’s cycle, less electron carriers are available

88
Q

Which stage of anaerobic respiration varies from organism to organism?

A

Second stage

89
Q

Describe fermentation

A
  1. glycolysis - +2 ATP
  2. no Kreb’s cycle
  3. less efficient ETC
    net gain +2 ATP
90
Q

What are the two pathways of the 3rd stage of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic acid production

2. Ethanol production

91
Q

In what ways is lactic acid production helpful to humans?

A

Produces pickled foods, yogurt, ect.

92
Q

What is ethanol production responsible for?

93
Q

What the the name of organisms that can produce only lactic acid?

A

Homolactic

94
Q

What is the name of organisms that can produce different kinds of acids?

A

Heterolactic

95
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

96
Q

What is composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids?

A

Lipid molecule

97
Q

What breaks down lipids?

98
Q

What are being used to break down petrol products via bioremediation?

99
Q

What are amino acids the building blocks of?

100
Q

What catabolize proteins?

101
Q

Can proteins go through the cell membrane?

102
Q

Can amino acids travel through the cell membrane?

103
Q

What breaks down amino acids that are inside the cell?

A

Kreb’s cycle

104
Q

What is the process of protein catabolism called?

A

Deamination

105
Q

What is the use of light to produce energy?

A

Photosynthesis

106
Q

The most important pathway by which carbon and energy enter living organisms

A

Photosynthesis

107
Q

End product of photosynthesis?

A

Carbohydrates

108
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light dependent - sunlight converted into ATP and NADPH

2. Light independent - uses H+, C, O, e- energy to make carbohydrates

109
Q

From where does light independent photosynthesis acquire its reactants?

A

energy - from ATP of 1st stage
H+ and e- - from NADPH of 1st stage
C and O - from CO2

110
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

Taking carbon gas and making it into useable energy

111
Q

What is the end product of the Calvin Benson cycle?

A

Sugar phosphate

112
Q

What does a cell make with carbohydrates?

A

Other macromolecules

Microbiology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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