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Bio 1 > Chapter 5: Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates are ______

A

Sugars

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2
Q

Carbohydrates are made of…

A

C, H, and O

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3
Q

Lipids are made of

A

C, H

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4
Q

When fats are destroyed in the body sometimes …. Can develop

A

Multiple sclerosis

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5
Q

What are the types of fats?

A

Steroids, fatty acids, and phospholipids

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6
Q

Which fat has a double bond and is liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats

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7
Q

Which fat only has single bonds and is solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fat

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8
Q

Proteins account for more than … percent of cell dry weight

A

50

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9
Q

Enzymes are …

A

Protein

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10
Q

Proteins (amino acids) are made of

A

C, H, O, N

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11
Q

What is an essential protein?

A

Protein we must get from food because we cannot synthesize it

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12
Q

How many amino acids are there? How many are essential?

A

20; 9

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13
Q

In proteins, function depends of its … and …

A

Its chemical structure and unique 3D shape

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14
Q

What are the parts of an amino acid?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, R side chain, central carbon, hydrogen

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15
Q

All but on amino acids are …

A

Enantiomers

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16
Q

What identifies each amino acid?

A

The r group

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17
Q

Whcih amino acid does notnhave an enantiomer?

A

Glycine

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18
Q

What kind of bond holds an amino acid together?

A

Condensation synthesis which creates a peptide bond

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19
Q

What level of structure do all proteins have?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

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20
Q

The secondary level of protein is held together by…

A

Hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

What structures make up the secondary level?

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated

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22
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
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23
Q

What holds together the tertiary structure?

A

R groups

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24
Q

What level of protein folding creates active sites?

A

Tertiary

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25
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Number 6 proteins turns glutamic acid into valine and causes hemoglobin to fold wrong; red blood cells become misshaped

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26
Q

What chromosome is sickle cell on?

A

Chromosome 11

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27
Q

What do chaperonins do?

A

They are a protein organelle that help other proteins fold?

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28
Q

Heat shock chaperonin proteins help stabilize the body when it is hot outside

A

True

29
Q

Things that can cause denaturation

A

Heat, wrong pH, chemicals, salt

30
Q

If the primary structure binds are broken, it can be fixed

A

False, those proteins cannot be saved

31
Q

Enzymes are…

A

Proteins that are catalysts

32
Q

Nucleic acids are…

A

CHONP, P= PO4

33
Q

What is used for protein synthesis?

A

DNA, but it is carried outside the nucleus by RNA

34
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Nitrogenous base (ATGC), Pentose,
(5 carbon sugar), phosphate group,

35
Q

A pairs with…

A

T

36
Q

C pairs with..

A

G

37
Q

Purines are…

A

A and G

38
Q

Pyrimidines are…

A

C, T, and U

39
Q

Purines are…, which pyrimidines are…

A

Double ringed, single ringed

40
Q

What sugar does RNA have? DNA?

A

R sugar; D sugar

41
Q

How are base pairs bonded?

A

H bonds

42
Q

What is the ratio of CHO in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

43
Q

Glucose is a polysaccharide. T or F

A

F, it is a monosaccharide

44
Q

Galactose , glucose, and fructose

A

Are isotopes, same chemical formala but differ structurally and chemically

45
Q

What is an aldose sugar?

A

A sugar with an aldehyde group

46
Q

What is a ketose group?

A

A sugar with a ketone functional group

47
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in a aldose sugar? Ketose?

A

End; middle

48
Q

In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides are..

A

Ring shaped

49
Q

What bonds holds monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosydic bonds after dehydration synthesis

50
Q

Sucrose is

A

Glucose and fructose (most common disaccharide)

51
Q

Lactose is

A

Glucose and galactose

52
Q

Maltose is,

A

Glucose and glucose

53
Q

Types of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

54
Q

How do plants store sugar?

A

In the form of starch

55
Q

Where is starch (excess glucose) stored in plants?

A

In the roots and seeds

56
Q

What protein in saliva catalysed starch?

A

Amylase

57
Q

Unbranched glucose vs branched amylopectin

A

1-4 a,alpha linkages vs 1-6 alpha linkages

58
Q

How is glucose stored in humans?

A

As glycogen (branched)

59
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the human body?

A

Liver and muscle cells

60
Q

Glycogenolysis

A
61
Q

Cellulose comprises what part of what kind of cell?

A

Plant cell wall

62
Q

Cellulose purpose

A

Structural support

63
Q

Can humans breakdown cellulose?

A

No, but cows can moooo

64
Q

Chitin can be found in…

A

The exoskeleton of certain bugs and the cell wall of fungi

65
Q

What special element does chitin contain?

A

Nitrogen

66
Q

What kind of fat has more hydrogen and why?

A

Saturated

67
Q

What causes alzheimers

A
68
Q

What doe the nucleolus do?

A

It creates ribosomal RNA (NOTTTT the ribosome itself)

Bio 1 (9 decks)

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