Chapter 5 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, apability, or attitude that is acciquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury or maturation

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A process through which a response previously made only to a particular stimulus is made to another stimulus that has been paired repeatedly within the original stimulus.

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

Question 4

Reflexes

Answer 4

Inborn, unlearned, automatic response to certain environmental stimuli ( examples swallowing, blinking, coughing)

Question 5

Conditioned Reflexes

Answer 5

Learned reflexes, as opposed to naturally occurring ones.

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

A response that us invariably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response.

Question 8

Conditioned Response

Answer 8

A response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

The weakening and often eventual disappearance of a learned response (In classical conditioning the conditioned response is weakened by repeating presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

The reappearance of an extinguished response( in a weaker form)

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

IN classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus that is similar to one for which it was originally reinforced.

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimuli but not to similar stimuli

Question 13

High Ordering Conditioning

Answer 13

Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it, and gain s the power to elicit the same conditioned response,

Question 14

Drug Tolerance

Answer 14

A condition in which the user becomes progressively less effected by a drug so that larger and larger does are necessary to achieve and maintain the same effect

Question 15

Taste Aversion

Answer 15

The dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort.

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

A type of learning where the consequences of behaviour tend to modify that behaviour in the future( behaviour is reinforced tends to be repeated; behaviour that is ignored or punished is less likely to be repeated).

Question 17

Reinforcer

Answer 17

Anything that strengthens a response or increases the probability that it will reoccur.

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

Gradually moulding a desired behaviour by reinforcing responses that become progressively closer to it; reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response.

Question 19

Skinner Box

Answer 19

Invented by B.F Skinner for conducing experiments in operant conditioning; a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food, and either a bar for rats or a disk for pigeons to peck.

Question 20

Successive Approximations

Answer 20

A series of gradual training steps, with each step becoming more and more like the final desired response

Question 21

Discrimative Stimulus

Answer 21

A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behaviour is likely to followed by reward or punishment

Question 22

Reinforcement

Answer 22

An event that follows a reponse and/or the likelihood that it will be repeated

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

A reward or pleasure consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the reponse will be repeated

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

The termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 25

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 25

A reinforce that fulfils a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning ( … food, water, sleep. termination of pain)

Question 26

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 26

A neutral stimulus that becomes rei forcing after repeated pairing with other reinforcers

Question 27

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 27

Reinforcement that is administered after every desired or correct response, the most effective method of conditioning a new response.

Question 28

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 28

A pattern of reinforcement that in which some portion, rather than 100 percent, of the correct responses are reinforced

Question 29

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 29

Systematic programs for administering reinforcement that have a predictable effect on behaviour

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered after a fixed number of non reinforced correct Reponses

Question 31

Variable Ration Schedule

Answer 31

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average ratio after a varying number of non - reinforced correct responses.,,

Question 32

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 32

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered following the first correct response after a fixed period of time has elapsed.

Question 33

Variable - Interval Schedule

Answer 33

A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average tome after the first correct response following a varying time of non reinforcement.

Question 34

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Answer 34

The greater resistance to extinction that occurs when a portion rather than 100 percent, of the correct responses have been reinforced.

Question 35

Punishment

Answer 35

The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, both of which tend to suppress a response.

Question 36

Aviodance Learning

Answer 36

Learning to avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes

Question 37

Learned Helplessness

Answer 37

The learned response of resigning oneself passively to aversive condtions, rather than taking action to change, escape, or avoid them, learned through repeated sxposure to inescapable or unavoidable situations

Question 38

Behaviour Modification

Answer 38

The systematic application of learning principles of operant conditioning or classical conditioning, or observational learning to individuals or groups in order to eliminate undesirable behaviour and/or encourage desirable behaviour.

Question 39

Token Economies

Answer 39

Behavioural techniques used to encourage desirable behaviours by reinforcing them with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired objects, activities and/or priviliges

Question 40

Cognitive Processing

Answer 40

Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, and remembering

Question 41

Observational learning

Answer 41

Learning by observing others and the consequences of that behaviour; learning by imitation,

Question 42

Modeling

Answer 42

Another name for observational learning

Question 43

Model

Answer 43

The individual who demonstrates a behaviour or serves as an example in observational learning

Question 44

What was Pavlov’s major contribution to psychology?

Answer 44

`Ivan Pavlov study of the conditioned reflex provided psychology with a model of learning call Classical Conditioning

Question 45

How is Classical Conditioning accomplished?

Answer 45

During classical conditioning a Nuetral Stimulus, (Tone) is presented shortly before a Unconditioned Stimulus ( food) that naturally elicits, or brings forth, an unconditioned response (salivation). After repeated pairings, the conditioned stimulus (the tone) by itself with elicit the conditioned response ( salivation) .

Question 46

How does extinction occur in Classical Conditioning

Answer 46

The conditioned Stimulus ( tone) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, (food), the conditioned response (salivation) will progressively become weaker and eventually disappear.

Question 47

What are generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning

Answer 47

Generalization occurs when an organism makes a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response is made to only the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 48

How did John Watson demonstrate that fear could be classically conditioned?

Answer 48

John Watson demonstrated that fear cou,d be classically conditioned, by presenting a white rat, along with a loud frightening noise, he conditioned Little Albert to fear the white rat

Question 49

What are four factors that influence Classical Conditioning?

Answer 49

1) The number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus,
2) The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
3) How reliability the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus
4) The temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

Question 50

What types of responses can be learned through classical Conditioning?

Answer 50

Positive and Negative emotional responses (including likes. dislikes, fears, and phobias) and conditioned drug tolerance in drug users are some types of Reponses acquired through Classical Conditioning,.

Question 51

How are responses acquired through operant conditioning ?

Answer 51

Operant conditioning is a method of conditioning voluntary responses. The consequences of behaviour are manipulated to shape a new response or to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing one.

Question 52

How is shaping used to condition a response?

Answer 52

in shaping instead of waiting for a desired response to be produced, we selectively reinforce successive approximations toward the goal response until the desired response is achieved

Question 53

How does extinction occur in operant conditioning?

Answer 53

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the reinforcement is withheld

Question 54

What are the goals of both positive and Negative reinforcement and how are the goals accomplished for each?

Answer 54

Both positive and negative reinforcement are used to strengthen or increase the probability of a response. With positive reinforcement, the desired response is followed by a reward; with negative reinforcement, it is followed by a termination of an aversive stimulus

Question 55

What are the 4 major schedules of reinforcement and which schedule yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?

Answer 55

The four major schedules of reinforcement are the fixed ratio, variable- ratio, fixed interval, and the variable-interval schedules. The variable ratio schedule provides the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction.

Question 56

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

Answer 56

The partial reinforcement effect is the greater resistance to extinction that occurs when responses are maintained under partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.

Question 57

What three factors, in addition to the schedule of reinforcement, influence operant conditioning ?

Answer 57

In operant conditioning, the acquisition of a response, the response rate, and the resistance to extinction are influenced by the magnitude of reinforcement, the immediacy of reinforcement, and the level of motivation against the organism

Question 58

How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement ?

Answer 58

Punishment is used to decrease the frequency of a response; Negative reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a response

Question 59

What are some disadvantages of punishment?

Answer 59

Punishment generally suppresses rather than extinguishes behaviour; it does not help people develop more appropriate behaviour; and it can cause fear, anger, hostility, and aggression in the punished person.

Question 60

What processes are comparable in classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 60

Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Question 61

What is Behaviour Modification

Answer 61

Behaviour modification involves the systematic application of learning principles to individuals or groups in order to eliminate undesirable behaviour and/or encourage desirable behaviour.

Question 62

What is Observational Learning>?

Answer 62

Observational learning is learning by observing the behaviour of others - called models - and the consequences of that behaviour