Chapter 5 Learning Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, apability, or attitude that is acciquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury or maturation
Classical Conditioning
A process through which a response previously made only to a particular stimulus is made to another stimulus that has been paired repeatedly within the original stimulus.
Stimulus
Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds
Reflexes
Inborn, unlearned, automatic response to certain environmental stimuli ( examples swallowing, blinking, coughing)
Conditioned Reflexes
Learned reflexes, as opposed to naturally occurring ones.
Unconditioned Response
A response that us invariably elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
Conditioned Stimulus
A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response
A response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
The weakening and often eventual disappearance of a learned response (In classical conditioning the conditioned response is weakened by repeating presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished response( in a weaker form)
Generalization
IN classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus that is similar to one for which it was originally reinforced.
Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimuli but not to similar stimuli
High Ordering Conditioning
Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it, and gain s the power to elicit the same conditioned response,
Drug Tolerance
A condition in which the user becomes progressively less effected by a drug so that larger and larger does are necessary to achieve and maintain the same effect
Taste Aversion
The dislike and/or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with nausea or discomfort.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning where the consequences of behaviour tend to modify that behaviour in the future( behaviour is reinforced tends to be repeated; behaviour that is ignored or punished is less likely to be repeated).
Reinforcer
Anything that strengthens a response or increases the probability that it will reoccur.
Shaping
Gradually moulding a desired behaviour by reinforcing responses that become progressively closer to it; reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response.
Skinner Box
Invented by B.F Skinner for conducing experiments in operant conditioning; a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food, and either a bar for rats or a disk for pigeons to peck.
Successive Approximations
A series of gradual training steps, with each step becoming more and more like the final desired response
Discrimative Stimulus
A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behaviour is likely to followed by reward or punishment
Reinforcement
An event that follows a reponse and/or the likelihood that it will be repeated
Positive Reinforcement
A reward or pleasure consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the reponse will be repeated
Negative Reinforcement
The termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probability that the response will be repeated
Primary Reinforcer
A reinforce that fulfils a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning ( … food, water, sleep. termination of pain)
Secondary Reinforcer
A neutral stimulus that becomes rei forcing after repeated pairing with other reinforcers
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcement that is administered after every desired or correct response, the most effective method of conditioning a new response.
Partial Reinforcement
A pattern of reinforcement that in which some portion, rather than 100 percent, of the correct responses are reinforced
Schedules of Reinforcement
Systematic programs for administering reinforcement that have a predictable effect on behaviour
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered after a fixed number of non reinforced correct Reponses
Variable Ration Schedule
A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average ratio after a varying number of non - reinforced correct responses.,,
Fixed Interval Schedule
A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered following the first correct response after a fixed period of time has elapsed.
Variable - Interval Schedule
A schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average tome after the first correct response following a varying time of non reinforcement.
Partial Reinforcement Effect
The greater resistance to extinction that occurs when a portion rather than 100 percent, of the correct responses have been reinforced.
Punishment
The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, both of which tend to suppress a response.
Aviodance Learning
Learning to avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes
Learned Helplessness
The learned response of resigning oneself passively to aversive condtions, rather than taking action to change, escape, or avoid them, learned through repeated sxposure to inescapable or unavoidable situations
Behaviour Modification
The systematic application of learning principles of operant conditioning or classical conditioning, or observational learning to individuals or groups in order to eliminate undesirable behaviour and/or encourage desirable behaviour.
Token Economies
Behavioural techniques used to encourage desirable behaviours by reinforcing them with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired objects, activities and/or priviliges
Cognitive Processing
Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, and remembering
Observational learning
Learning by observing others and the consequences of that behaviour; learning by imitation,
Modeling
Another name for observational learning
Model
The individual who demonstrates a behaviour or serves as an example in observational learning
What was Pavlov’s major contribution to psychology?
`Ivan Pavlov study of the conditioned reflex provided psychology with a model of learning call Classical Conditioning
How is Classical Conditioning accomplished?
During classical conditioning a Nuetral Stimulus, (Tone) is presented shortly before a Unconditioned Stimulus ( food) that naturally elicits, or brings forth, an unconditioned response (salivation). After repeated pairings, the conditioned stimulus (the tone) by itself with elicit the conditioned response ( salivation) .
How does extinction occur in Classical Conditioning
The conditioned Stimulus ( tone) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, (food), the conditioned response (salivation) will progressively become weaker and eventually disappear.
What are generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning
Generalization occurs when an organism makes a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response is made to only the original conditioned stimulus.
How did John Watson demonstrate that fear could be classically conditioned?
John Watson demonstrated that fear cou,d be classically conditioned, by presenting a white rat, along with a loud frightening noise, he conditioned Little Albert to fear the white rat
What are four factors that influence Classical Conditioning?
1) The number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus,
2) The intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
3) How reliability the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus
4) The temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
What types of responses can be learned through classical Conditioning?
Positive and Negative emotional responses (including likes. dislikes, fears, and phobias) and conditioned drug tolerance in drug users are some types of Reponses acquired through Classical Conditioning,.
How are responses acquired through operant conditioning ?
Operant conditioning is a method of conditioning voluntary responses. The consequences of behaviour are manipulated to shape a new response or to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing one.
How is shaping used to condition a response?
in shaping instead of waiting for a desired response to be produced, we selectively reinforce successive approximations toward the goal response until the desired response is achieved
How does extinction occur in operant conditioning?
In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the reinforcement is withheld
What are the goals of both positive and Negative reinforcement and how are the goals accomplished for each?
Both positive and negative reinforcement are used to strengthen or increase the probability of a response. With positive reinforcement, the desired response is followed by a reward; with negative reinforcement, it is followed by a termination of an aversive stimulus
What are the 4 major schedules of reinforcement and which schedule yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?
The four major schedules of reinforcement are the fixed ratio, variable- ratio, fixed interval, and the variable-interval schedules. The variable ratio schedule provides the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction.
What is the partial reinforcement effect?
The partial reinforcement effect is the greater resistance to extinction that occurs when responses are maintained under partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
What three factors, in addition to the schedule of reinforcement, influence operant conditioning ?
In operant conditioning, the acquisition of a response, the response rate, and the resistance to extinction are influenced by the magnitude of reinforcement, the immediacy of reinforcement, and the level of motivation against the organism
How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement ?
Punishment is used to decrease the frequency of a response; Negative reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a response
What are some disadvantages of punishment?
Punishment generally suppresses rather than extinguishes behaviour; it does not help people develop more appropriate behaviour; and it can cause fear, anger, hostility, and aggression in the punished person.
What processes are comparable in classical and operant conditioning?
Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
What is Behaviour Modification
Behaviour modification involves the systematic application of learning principles to individuals or groups in order to eliminate undesirable behaviour and/or encourage desirable behaviour.
What is Observational Learning>?
Observational learning is learning by observing the behaviour of others - called models - and the consequences of that behaviour
