Chapter 4 States Of Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

The continuous stream of thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of which we are aware from moment to moment.

Question 2

Altered states of consciousness

Answer 2

Mental states other than ordinary waking consciousness, such as sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or drug-induced state.

Question 3

Within each 24 hour period, the regular fluctuations, from high to low points of a bodily function, such as sleep/wakefulness is…

Answer 3

Circadian Rhythms

Question 4

A tiny structure in the the brains hypothalamus that controls the timing of circadian rhythm often referred to as the biological clock

Answer 4

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 5

Subjective Night

Answer 5

The time during a 24 hour-period when people’s body temperature is lowest and their biological clock tells them to go to sleep.

Question 6

NREM Sleep

Answer 6

Non - rapid eye movement sleep, consisting of the four sleep stages and characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, an absence of rapid eye movement, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at a 24 hour low point

Question 7

REM Sleep

Answer 7

Sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart rate and respiration rate, increased brainwave activity, and vivid dreams.

Question 8

Sleep Cycle

Answer 8

A cycle of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including one or more stages of NREM sleep followed by a period of REM sleep.

Question 9

Stage 3 and 4 sleep; deep sleep.

Answer 9

Slow-wave sleep

Question 10

Delta waves

Answer 10

The slowest brainwaves, having a frequency of 1 to 3 cycles per second and associated with slow wave (deep) sleep.

Question 11

Stage 4 sleep

Answer 11

The deepest NREM stage of sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50 percent delta waves.

Question 12

Microsleeps

Answer 12

Momentary lapses from wakefulness into sleep, usually occurring when one has been sleep-deprived.

Question 13

REM Rebound

Answer 13

The increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation; often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares.

Question 14

REM dreams

Answer 14

The type of dream that occurs almost continuously during each REM period; more vivid, visual , emotional and bizarre than NREM dreams, with a surreal storyline quality.

Question 15

NREM dreams

Answer 15

Mental activity occurring during NREM sleep that is more thought like in quality than are REM dreams

Question 16

Lucid dreams

Answer 16

Dreams during which the dreamer is aware of dreaming; The dreamer is often able to influence the content do a lucid dream while it is progress.

Question 17

Parasomnias

Answer 17

Sleep disturbances in which behaviours and physiological states that are normally occur only in the waking state take place during the sleeping or transition from sleep to wakefulness ( examples sleepwalking, sleep terrors).

Question 18

Somnambulism

Answer 18

Sleepwalking that occurs during a partial arousal from stage 4 sleep

Question 19

Sleep disturbances in which a person partially awakens from Stage 4 sleep with a scream, in a dazed, groggy and panicky state, and with a racing heart.

Answer 19

Sleep terrors

Question 20

Nightmares

Answer 20

Very frightening dreams occurring during REM sleep.

Question 21

A serious sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

Answer 21

Narcolepsy

Question 22

Sleep Apnea

Answer 22

A sleep disorder characterized by periods when breathing stops during sleep and the person must awaken briefly to breathe; major symptoms are excessive daytime sleepiness and loud snoring.

Question 23

Insomnia

Answer 23

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, or by light, restless, or poor sleep, causes distress and impaired daytime functioning.

Question 24

A group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or body movement in order to block out all distractions and achieve an altered state of consciousness

Answer 24

Meditation

Question 25

Hypnosis

Answer 25

A trancelike state of concentrated, focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and diminished response to external stimuli.

Question 26

A drug that alters normal mental functioning – mood, perception, or thought; if used medically, called a controlled substance

Answer 26

Psychoactive drug

Question 27

A compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Answer 27

Physical drug dependence

Question 28

Drug tolerance

Answer 28

A condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug so that larger and larger doses are necessary to achieve or maintain the same affect

Question 29

Withdrawal symptoms

Answer 29

The physical and psychological symptoms (usually the opposite of those produced by drug) that occur when a regular used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again

Question 30

Psychological Drug Dependence

Answer 30

A craving or irresistible urge for a drugs pleasurable effects

Question 30

stimulants

Answer 30

A category of drugs that speed up activity in the CNS, suppress appetite, and cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic also known as uppers

Question 31

Amphetamines

Answer 31

A class of CNS stimulants that increase arousal, relieve fatigue, and suppress the appetite.

Question 32

Cocaine

Answer 32

A stimulant that produces a euphoria

Question 33

Crash

Answer 33

The feelings of depression, exhaustion, irritability, and anxiety following an amphetamine, cocaine, or crack high.

Question 34

Crack

Answer 34

The most potent, inexpensive, and addictive form of cocaine, the form is smoked.

Question 35

Hallucinogens

Answer 35

A category of drugs, sometimes called psychedelics, that alter perception and mood and can cause Hallucinations.

Question 36

LSD

Answer 36

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, a powerful hallucinogen with unpredictable effects ranging from perceptual changes and vivid hallucinations to states of panic and terror.

Question 37

Hallucinations

Answer 37

Sensory perceptions in the absence of external sensory stimulus; imaginary sensations.

Question 38

Flashback

Answer 38

The brief recurrence of effects a person has experienced while taking LSD or other hallucinogens, occurring suddenly and without warning at a later time.

Question 39

Ecstasy

Answer 39

MDMA, a designer drug that is a hallucinogen- amphetamine and can produce permanent damage of the serotonin-releasing neurons.

Question 40

Marijuana

Answer 40

A Hallucinogen with effects ranging from relaxation and giddiness to perceptual distortions and hallucinations

Question 41

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

Answer 41

The principle psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish

Question 42

Depressants

Answer 42

Drugs that decrease activity in the CNS, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation. Also referred to as Downers

Question 43

Alcohol

Answer 43

A central Nervous System Depressant

Question 44

Barbiturates

Answer 44

A class of addictive CNS, depressants used as sedatives, sleeping pills, and anaesthetics; in overdose can cause coma or death

Question 45

Minor tranquilizers

Answer 45

CNS depressants that calm the user (*examples Valium, Librium, Dalmane, Xanax).

Question 46

Narcotics

Answer 46

Derive from the Opium Poppy, a class of depressant drugs that have pain relieving and calming effects.

Question 47

Heroin

Answer 47

A highly addictive, partly synthetic narcotic derived from morphine.