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Psychology 1160 > Chapter 2 Biology and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Biology and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

Specialized Cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system and contain three major parts - a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

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2
Q

Cell Body

A

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

The branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neuron

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4
Q

Axon

A

The slender, tail- like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of other neurons or to the muscles, gland, or other parts of the body.

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5
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells that help to make the brain more efficient by holding the neurons together, removing waste products such as dead neurons, making the myelin coating for the axons, and preforming other manufacturing, nourishing and cleanup tasks

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6
Q

synapse

A

The junction where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft.

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7
Q

Resting potential

A

The sudden reversal of the resting potential, a reversal that initiates the firing of a neuron

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The white, fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster

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9
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of the sending neuron, cross the synapse, and bind to appropriate receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not fire.

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10
Q

Receptors

A

Sites on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specifi9c neurotransmitters

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11
Q

reuptake

A

The process by which neurotransmitter molecules are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use, thus terminating their excitatory or inhibitory effect on the receiving neuron.

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12
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, memory, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and cause the skeletal muscle to contract.

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning attention, movement and reinforcement

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14
Q

norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter affecting eating and sleeping

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15
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite

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16
Q

endorphins

A

Chemicals produced naturally by the brain that reduce pain and effect mood positivity.

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17
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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18
Q

Spinal Cord

A

An extension of the brain, reaching from the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.

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19
Q

Brainstem

A

The structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain; includes the medulla, the pons, and the reticular formation

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20
Q

Medulla

A

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, breathing blood pre4ssure , coughing , and swallowing

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21
Q

Reticular formation

A

A structure in the brainstem that excretes smooth, skilled body movements and regulates muscle tone and posture.

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

The structure located above the brainstem that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the higher brain centres.

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small but influential brain structure that controls the pituitary gland and regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour, body temperature, our biological clock and a wide variety of emotional behaviours.

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24
Q

Limbic System

A

A group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotion, memory and motivation.

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25
Q

Amygdale

A

A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to aversive stimuli

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26
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the formation of long term memories

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27
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest structure of the human brain. consisting of two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex

28
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

The right and left halves of the cerebrum, covered by there cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum

29
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The thick blend of nerve fibres that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and makes possible the transfer of information and the synchronization of activity between them

30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The grey, convoluted covering of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for higher mental processes such as language, memory and thinking.

31
Q

Association areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that house memories and are involved in thought, perception, learning, and language.

32
Q

Motor Cortex

A

The Strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement.

33
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The lobes that control voluntary body movements, speech production, and such functions as thinking, motivation, planning for the future, impulse control, and emotional responses.

34
Q

Broca’s area

A

The area in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that controls production of the speech sounds

35
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

An impairment in the ability to physically produce speech sounds or, in extreme cases, an ability to speak at all; cause by damage to Boca’s area.

36
Q

Aphasia

A

A loss or impairment of the ability to understand or communicate through the written word or spoken word , resulting from damage to the brain.

37
Q

Parietal lobes

A

The lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial cortex.

38
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

The strip of tissue at the front of the parietal lobes where touch pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerebral cortex

39
Q

occipital loves

A

The lobes that contain the primary visual cortex, where vision registers, and association areas involved in the interpretation of visual information.

40
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex

41
Q

Temporal lobes

A

The lobes that contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area (left lobe), and association areas for interpreting auditory information

42
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

The part od the temporal lobes where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex.

43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The language area in the temporal lobe involved in comprehension of the spoken word and in formulation od coherent speech and written language.

44
Q

Wenickes aphasia

A

Aphasia resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area; the patients spoken language is fluent, but the content is either vague or incomprehensible to the listener.

45
Q

Lateralization

A

The specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particulat function

46
Q

Left hemisphere

A

The hemisphere that controls the right side id the body, coordinates complex movements, and (in 95 percent of people) controls the production of speech and written language.

47
Q

Right hemisphere

A

The hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and. in most people, is specialized for visual - spatial perception and for the understanding of non verbal behaviour.

48
Q

Split brain operation

A

An operation, preformed in serve cases of epilepsy, in which the corpus callosum is cut, separating the cerebral hemispheres and usually lessening the severity and frequency of grand mal seizures.

49
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to reorganize and compensate for brain damage

50
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

The record made by an electroencephalograph of an individuals brainwave activity.

51
Q

Beta wave

A

The brainwave of 13 cycles or more occurs when an individual is alert and mentally or physically active

52
Q

Alpha wave

A

The brainwave of 8-12 cycles per second that occurs when an individual is awake but deeply relaxed, usually with the eyes closed.

53
Q

Theta wave

A

The slow brainwave during light sleep, in trances, and in the state, just before deep sleep or just before wakening

54
Q

Delta wave

A

The slowest brainwave, having a frequency of 1-3 cycles per second and associated with slow wave (deep) sleep.

55
Q

Microelectrode

A

An electrical wire so small that it can be used either to monitor the electrical activity of a single neuron or to stimulate activity within it.

56
Q

CT Scan

A

A brain-scanning technique involving a rotating x ray scanner and a high speed computer analysis that produces slice-by-slice cross sectional images of the structures of the brain.

57
Q

MRI

A

A diagnostic scanning technique that produces high resolution images of the structures of the brain.

58
Q

PET Scan

A

A brain - imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain on the basis of the amount of oxygen and glucose consumes

59
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body; two subdivisions - the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems.

60
Q

Sympathetic nervous System

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources during stress, emergencies or heavy exertion. preparing the body for action,

61
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is associated with relaxation and the conservation of energy and that brings the heightened bodily responses back to the normal after an emergency.

62
Q

Endocrine System

A

A system of ductless glands in various glands in parts of the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream or lymph fluids, thus affecting cells in the other parts of the body.

63
Q

Hormones

A

Substances manufactured and released in one part of the body that affect other parts of the body

64
Q

pituitary Gland

A

The endocrine gland located in the brain and often called the master gland, which releases hormones that control other endocrine glands and also releases a growth hormone.

65
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies and stressful situations and also release small amounts of the sex hormones.

Psychology 1160 (4 decks)

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