Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards
What is learning?
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
— Behaviorism
—Associative Learning/ Conditiong
What is Classical Conditioning?
— pairing
Ex: people compare the dentist to pain, they know/ think the two are associated
What is Operant Conditioning?
—Consequence/ Result
Ex: a runner is training really hard for a race, and because they trained hard they won a medal
What is Generalization?
still may have an effect if the sound is similar
Ex: you call your dog for food everyday with the same bell, then you get a bigger bell that sounds different but he still comes.
What is Classical Conditioning?
a learning process that happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already evokes a response.
Ex: a scientist wears a white lab coat every day that makes dogs drool, the next day he’s wearing a different color of coat
What is Extinction?
The gradual weakening or disappearing of a learned behavior
How can someone develop a phobia from classical conditioning?
a bunny is introduced to a baby and everytime the bunny comes out a loud bang happens, the child develops a phobia for any furry animal
What is extinction?
Process where a learned behavior loosens or disappears
When examining the placebo effect through classical conditioning, the placebo (control treatment) functions as the
conditioned stimulus
A young boy goes to the zoo for the first time with his dad and sister. While he is looking at a bird display his sister sneaks up and startles him. He becomes very frightened, and now when he sees birds outside or on TV he cries. What is the unconditioned response?
fear
What is generalization?
The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
A mother takes away her son’s favorite toy when he misbehaves. Her action is an example of
negative punishment
Kelly is scolded each time she teases her little brother. Her mother notices that the frequency of teasing has decreased. Scolding Kelly is an effective
positive punisher
Another name for observational learning is
modeling
According to Bandura, what occurs first in observational learning
attention
What was Pavlov’s theory?
Classical Conditioning
-a learning process that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.
What was Bandura’s theory?
Observational Learning/ social cognitive theory
-method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
What was Watson’s theory?
Behavioralism
-a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped by the environment
Shaping
a technique that uses reinforcement (reward) to gradually change a behavior toward a desired goal
Schedules of Reinforcement (think punnet square)
-fixed/ variable
-ration/ interval (time)
Fixed Ratio is?
Guaranteed if you do the behavior you get the reward
Variable Ratio is?
-Think gambling
-Rewards aren’t guaranteed
What is fixed interval?
a set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward, result, or review
What is variable interval?
Interval schedules involve reinforcement of a target behavior after an interval of time has passed
You’re guaranteed something after a random amount of time
Ex: speeding
What is positive punishment?
behavior followed by unpleasant consequence
Unpleasant stimulus is added
Ex: a mother punishes her daughter for teasing her little brother, she punishes the daughter by scolding her.
What is negative punishment?
behavior followed by unpleasant consequence
Rewarding stimulus is removed
Ex: a mother punishes her son because he keeps bothering his sister. She takes away his favorite stuffed animal.
