Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards
What is Instinctual Behavior?
Behavior that is determined by instinct
Do Humans have more Instinctual Behavior or less then animals?
We Have less
What is a Fixed Action Pattern?
Fixed Response to specfic stimuli
What are some examples of a Fixed Action Pattern
- Baby geese Imprinting
- Fish attacking animals because of a specfic characteristics (red belly)
- Sitting on eggs to warm them
What is Habituation?
Getting used to stimuli based off exposure
Ex: Loud noses become less startling after you hear it a second time
What is Classical Conditioning?
Two Stimulus are repeatedly paired and reaction is trained until only one stimulus elicits a reaction on its own
What are some terms involved in classical conditioning in relation to Pavlovs dog?
Unconditioned Response (UR) Food
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Salivation
No Stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR) (Conditioned Salivation to bell)
Conditoned Stimulus (CS) (Bell)
What are Basic Principles of conditioning?
Acquistion
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
What is Aquistion?
Aquiring a Conditioned Response
What is Extinction?
Gradual Loss of Conditioned Response
Once a conditioned response goes extinct can it be recovered?
YES. The Conditioned Response can be spontaenously recovered but will have a weaker result typically.
What is Generalization?
Responding to Stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus
Ex: dog salivating a something that sounds like the bell but itsnt
What Is Discrimination?
The ability to disntinguish between stimulus
Ex: Being able to differentiate colors
What is Operant Conditioning?
Voluntary and Complex Goal Directied behavior
- Links Behavior and Consequences
What are some Examples of Operant Conditoning?
Behavior: Studying
Consequence: Good Grade
Behavior: Training and Practice
Consequence: Good result
Behavior: No studying
Consequence: Bad Grade
What are the four types of tools used in operant conditioning?
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Positive Punishment
- Negative Punishment
What does Positive Reinforcement Do for behavior a stimuli?
Increases Behavior and Adds a Stimuli
Ex: Child is praised (Reinforcement) for brushing their teeth (Stimuli)
What does Negative Reinforcement Do for behavior a stimuli?
Increases Behavior and Removes a Stimulus
Ex: Child Pouts (Behavior) because they don’t want to eat their food so the parents take the food (stimulus) away
This teaches the child they can pout to not have to eat their food
What does Positive Punishment Do for behavior a stimuli?
Decreases Behavior and Adds a Stimuli
Ex: Adding more chores (Stimuli) when a child doesn’t do their current chores (Behavior)
This encourages the child to do their chores to avoid having more chores added to
What does Negative Punishment Do for behavior and stimuli?
Decrease behavior and Removes Stimuli
Ex: Child misbehaves (Behavior) so parent takes away favorite toy (Stimulus)
What is a Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement?
Rewarding good behavior as soon as it happens
Ex: Everytime your dog shakes you hand you give them a treat afterword
What are some negatives to Continuous Schedule of reinforcement?
Extinction happens very quickly
Constant Reinforcement of good behavior
What are the two schedules of Reinforcement?
Continuous and Partial
What are the four aspects that could make up a Partial Reinforcement Schedule?
Fixed
Variable
Ratio
Interval
How does a Partial Schedule work?
Behaviors are either V
What is a Partial Schedule?
the desired target behavior is rewarded only some of the time.
What the Four Different Combinations of a Partial Reinforcement Schedule?
Variable Ratio
Fixed Ratio
Variable Interval
Fixed Interval
What does a Fixed Schedule mean?
Fixed - The Number of Response or amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging
The Schedule is predictable
What does a Variable Schedule mean?
The Number of Responses or amount of time between reinforcements changes randomly
The Schedule is Unpredictable
What does a Ratio Schedule mean?
A reward is only given only after a certian number of responses have been given
What Does a Interval Schedule mean?
A Reward is only given after a specific period of time has passed
In what order do the four combinations of these schedules work best?
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable Interval
- Fixed Interval
What is a Variable Ratio Schedule?
Reinforcement Occurs after a Varying number of responses
Ex: Playing the Lottery
GAMBLING
What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule?
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
Ex: Getting one free meal after the purchase of ten
Ex: Losing Drivers License after 5 violations
What is a Fixed Interval Schedule?
An Exact amount of time passes between each reinforcements
Ex: Getting your paycheck every two weeks?
Ex: Studying for a WEEKLY quiz
What is a Variable Interval Schedule?
A Varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement.
Ex: Winning a Video Game
Ex: Checking your Email
What is Observational Learning?
Occurs when person observes or Imitates behavior
- Very Present in children
What the Four Proccess of Observational Learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Reinforcement
