Chapter 5- Language Development, Language Diversity

Question 1

joint attention

Answer 1

occurs when a child and caregiver, or teacher, attend to the same object or event at the same time, supports early language development

Question 2

child-directed speech

Answer 2

refers to a form of language characterized by short sentences with simple constructions and delivered in higher pitched, more prosodic, and exaggerated tones, supports early language development

Question 3

expressive vocabulary

Answer 3

the words a person can speak

Question 4

receptive vocabulary

Answer 4

the words a person can understand in spoken or written words

Question 5

overregularize

Answer 5

to apply a rule of syntax or grammar in situations where the rule does not apply, eg “the bike was broked”

Question 6

pragmatics

Answer 6

the rules for when and how to use language to be an effective communicator in a particular culture, actual meaning of language (not literal), different situations have different pragmatics

Question 7

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 7

understanding about one’s own use of language

Question 8

emergent literacy

Answer 8

the skills and knowledge, usually developed in the preschool years, that are the foundation for the development of reading and writing, two broad categories of skills: skills related to understanding sounds and codes (knowing letters have names, sounds are associated with letters, and that words are made up of sounds), and oral language skills including knowledge of syntax, both are important but decoding usually develops before language comprehension

Question 9

heritage language

Answer 9

the language spoken in the student’s home or by members of the family

Question 10

cultural deficit model

Answer 10

a model that explains the school achievement problems of ethnic minority students by assuming that their culture is inadequate and does not prepare them to succeed in school

Question 11

generation 1.5

Answer 11

children and youth who were not born in canada but came here with their first-generation parents, typically before adolescence

Question 12

additive bilingualism

Answer 12

mastered own first language, then added a second or third language

Question 13

subtractive bilingualism

Answer 13

lost your first language when you added a second one

Question 14

critical periods

Answer 14

if learning does not happen during these periods, it never will- there is a critical period for language pronunciation

Question 15

sensitive periods

Answer 15

times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences

Question 16

balanced bilingualism

Answer 16

equally fluent in two or more languages, heritage language connects to extended family and important cultural traditions, whereas english connects them to academic, social, and economic opportunities

Question 17

monolingual/literate

Answer 17

literate in their native language, but speak limited English

Question 18

monolingual/preliterate

Answer 18

not literate, they may not read or write in their native language, or they may have very limited literacy skills

Question 19

limited bilingual

Answer 19

can converse well in both languages, but they have trouble learning academically, may be underlying challenges such as learning disabilities or emotional problems

Question 20

perceptual narrowing

Answer 20

by 12 months, focus on caregivers’ language and become less sensitive to distinction between sounds in other languages, occurs more quickly in monolingual environments

Question 21

grammar

Answer 21

the rules for the forms of language, sentence building rules

Question 22

syntax

Answer 22

the word order in a sentence statement

Question 23

semantics

Answer 23

the meaning of words and sentences

Question 24

phonemic awareness

Answer 24

ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. We know that a student’s skill in phonological awareness is a good predictor of later reading success or difficulty, one of the categories in emergent literacy

Question 25

phonics

Answer 25

Phonics involves the relationship between sounds and written symbols, therefore, phonics instruction focuses on teaching sound-spelling relationships and is associated with print (phonemic awareness is associated with speech)