Chapter 4- Learner Differences and Learning Needs

Question 1

intelligence

Answer 1

ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world

Question 2

general intelligence

Answer 2

g, a general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests

Question 3

fluid intelligence

Answer 3

mental efficiency that is culture-free and non-verbal and is grounded in brain development, decreases with age

Question 4

crystallized intelligence

Answer 4

ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods, increases with age

Question 5

theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 5

Gardner’s theory, a person has eight separate abilities: linguistic, musical, spatial, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

Question 6

mental age

Answer 6

in intelligence testing, a score based on average abilities for that group

Question 7

intelligence quotient

Answer 7

score comparing mental and chronological ages

Question 8

flynn effect

Answer 8

a steady rise in IQ test scores because of better health, smaller families, increased complexity in the environment, and more and better schooling

Question 9

learning disability

Answer 9

disorders which may affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding, or use of verbal or nonverbal information and affect learning; distinct from global intellectual disorders, problems with executive functioning, physiological and environmental bases, most common problem is related to relating sounds to letters that make up words

Question 10

learned helplessness

Answer 10

the expectation, based on previous experiences involving lack of control, that all of one’s efforts will lead to failure, believe that they cannot control or improve their own learning

Question 11

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Answer 11

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pervasive and frequent patters of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that get in the way of an individual’s daily life or typical development, problems with executive functioning

Question 12

emotional and behavioural disorders

Answer 12

behaviours and emotions that deviate so much from the norm that they interfere with the child’s own growth and development and/or the lives of others- inappropriate behaviours, unhappiness or depression, fears and anxieties, and trouble with relationships

Question 13

social and emotional learning (SEL)

Answer 13

refers to the development of competencies for recognizing and managing emotions, developing care and concern for others, establishing positive relationships, making responsible decisions, and handling challenging situations effectively

Question 14

developmental disabilities

Answer 14

significantly below average intellectual and adaptive social behaviour evident before the age of 18, problems with executive functioning, affects all aspects of development and is widely used when referring to students who have significant limitations in cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviours, mild or severe

Question 15

transition programming

Answer 15

gradual preparation of exceptional students to move from high school into further education or training, employment, or community involvement

Question 16

autism and autism spectrum disorders

Answer 16

developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and imaginative creativity, generally evidence before age 3 and ranging from mild to major, characterized by restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities, ASD emphasizes that autism includes a range of disorders, considered separate from intellectual disabilities

Question 17

inclusion

Answer 17

the practice of integrating exceptional students into regular education classrooms; the emphasis is on participation rather than placement

Question 18

canadian charter of rights and freedoms

Answer 18

legislation that protects the rights of all canadians, and in particular, canadians who are members of minority groups, including canadians with disabilities

Question 19

least restrictive placement

Answer 19

the practice of placing exceptional students in the most regular education settings possible while ensuring that they are successful and receive support appropriate to their special needs

Question 20

individualized education program

Answer 20

IEP, annually revised program for an exceptional student detailing present achievement levels, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, family members, specialists, and the student, if possible

Question 21

universal designs for learning

Answer 21

considering the needs of all users in the design of new tools, learning programs, or websites

Question 22

learning preferences

Answer 22

preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations, more appropriate than learning styles