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A&P > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system is composed of

A

Skin, hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors

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2
Q

Whats the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin - cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

Skin consists of 3 parts, what are they

A

Epidermis - superficial, thin, composed of epitherlial cells

Dermis - deeper layer, composed of connective tissue

Hyperdermis - subcutaneous later, consists of areolar and adipose tissue

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4
Q

Whats the purpose of the subcutaneous layer?

A

Storage layer for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

Contains nerve endings called lamellated pacinian corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure

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5
Q

Epidermis is composed of

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Epidermis consists of 4 principal layers of cells:

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intraepithelial macrophages
Tactile epithelial cells

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7
Q

What makes up 90% of epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes
4-5 layers
Produce protein keratin

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8
Q

8% of the epiderma cells are

A

Melanocytes

Produce melanin

Long, slinder processes that extend between the keratinocytes

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9
Q

Melanin is what

A

a yellow-red or brown - black pigment that contributes skin color and absorbs damaging UV light

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10
Q

Intraepithelial macrophages are also called what and do what

A

Langerhans cells

Participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin

Help recognize an antigen

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11
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A

Contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron (nerve cell) - a structure called a tactile disc

These detect touch sensations

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12
Q

Epidermis has what 5 layers

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum 
Startum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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13
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer

Cubodial or columnar keratinocytes

Stem cells

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14
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Lies superficial to stratum basale

8-10 layers of many sided (polyhedral) keratinocytes

Provides strength and flexibility to the skin

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15
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Middle part of the epidermis

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Presence of keratin and membrane enclosed lamellar granules which release a lipid-rich secretion

This secretion regards loss of body fluids and entry of foreign materials

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear cell layer)

A

Thick skin ares

Fingertips, palm, sole of foot

3-5 layers of flattened, clear, dead, keratinocytes containing lg amts of keratin

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17
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

Continuously shed and replaced

Contain mostly keratin

Protect deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion

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18
Q

What happens with constant exposure to friction

A

Callus

An abnml thickening of the stratum corneum

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19
Q

What is keratinization

A

As cells move one epithelial layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keratin

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20
Q

Dandurff

A

Shedding of an excessive amt of keratinized cells form the skin of hte scalp

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21
Q

Dermis is composed of

A 
Connective tissue
Collagen
Elastic fibers
Dermal papillae
Blood capilaries
Free nerve endings
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22
Q

The surface are of the dermis is increased by

A

Small fingerlike projections called the dermal papillae

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23
Q

The deeper part of the dermis consists of what

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

Consists of:
Collagen, elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil (sebaceous) glands, sweat glands

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24
Q

What does the combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis do

A

Provide the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity

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25
Q

Extreme stretching of the skin can do what?

A

Produce small tears in the dermis causing striae or stretch marks on the skin surface

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26
Q

3 pigments that allow for skin colors are

A

Melanin
Hemoglobin
Carotene

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27
Q

Melanin is produced by what

A

Melanocytes in the epidermis

Stimulated by exposure to UV light

Loss of melanocytes = immune system malfunction where antibodies attack melanocytes

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28
Q

Skin cancer is caused by

A

Repeated exposure to UV light

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29
Q

Albinism is

A

The inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

30
Q

Vitiligo is

A

A condition in which partial or complete loss of melanocytes form patches of skin that produce irregular white spots

31
Q

Freckles

A

Patches that accumulate melanin

32
Q

Ages spots

A

Accumulations of melanin

33
Q

Mole (nevus)

A

Round, flat, raised area w/ an outgrowth of melanocytes

34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying pigment in RBC

35
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment

Precursor of vit A

Accumulates in the stratum corneum

Fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous area

36
Q

Tattooing

A

Permanent coloration of the skin where a foreign pigment is deposited with a needle into the dermis

It deposits the ink in the macrophages of the dermis

37
Q

Body piercings

A

Insertion of jewelry through an artificial opening

38
Q

Accessory structures of the skin develop from

A

The epidermis of an embryo

Hair, glands, nail

Hair and nails protect the body
Sweat glands help regulate body temperature

39
Q

Hairs are present where

A

On skin surfaces except palm, fingers, soles and toes and widely distributed in scalp, eyebrows, and genitalia

40
Q

What is hair made of

A

Tread of fused dead keratinized epidermal cells

Shaft and root

Shaft projects above the surface of the skin

Root penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer

41
Q

Hair follicle

A

Surrounds the root, composed of 2 layers of epidermal cells

External
Internal

Surrounded by a connective tissue sheath

42
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

Surround the hair follicle, consists of nerve endings sensitive to touch

43
Q

Hair bulb

A

Enlarged base of the hair follicle

44
Q

Papilla

A

Contains many blood vessels that provide nourishment for hair

45
Q

Hair matrix

A

Region in the hair bulb which produces new hairs by cell division when older hairs are shed

46
Q

Arrector pili

A

A bundle of smooth muscle cells associated with hairs that extend from the dermis to the side of the hair follicle

Goose bumps

47
Q

Color of the hair is dependent upon

A

Melanin

Grey hair - decline in the synthesis of melanin

White hair - accumulation of air bubbles in the hair shaft

48
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive body hair

49
Q

Androgenic - alopecia

A

Pattern baldness

50
Q

Glands - name the 3 types that have to do with the skin

A

Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
Ceruminous

51
Q

Sebaceous glands are

A

Oil glands connected to the hair follicles

None found in the palm of the hand or sole of the foot

Secrete sebum - keeps hair from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps skin soft, inhibits the growth of certain bacteria

52
Q

Blacades are

A

Enlarged sebaceous glands on the face d/t accumulation of sebum

53
Q

How do pimples/boils develop

A

Sebum is nutritive to certain bacteria

54
Q

Sudoriferous glands are

2 groups?

A

Sweat glands, they release sweat or perspiration into hair follicles or onto skin surface through pores (sweat pores)

Eccrine
Apocrine glands

55
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Secrete outwardly

Distributed throughout most rgns of the skin except margins of lips, nail beds of fingers/toes, glans penis, glans clitoris, labium minora, and ear drums

Secretory portion of the gland is located deep in the dermis and the excretory duct projects through the dermis and epidermis and ends as a pore (sweat pore) at the surface

Start to function soon after birth

Regulate body temperature through evaporation

56
Q

Sweat consists of

A

Water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, lactic acid

57
Q

Emotional sweating is

A

Cold sweat - the release of sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment

58
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are

A

Simple, coiled, tubular glands found mainly in the skin of the axilla(armpit), groin, areola of the breast and bearded regions of the face in men

The secretory portion lies in the subcutaneous layer and the excretory duct opens into the hair follicle

The sweat is slightly viscous, odorless, appears milky or yellowish in color

Contains same things as eccrine sweat plus lipids and proteins

Dont function until puberty

Do not regulate temp

Secrete sweat during sex

59
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Present in the external autitory canal (meatus)

Excrete cerumen (ear wax)

Ear wax prevents foreign bodies and water/bacteria/fungi from entering cells

60
Q

Nails are

A

Plates of tightly packed hard dead keratinized cells

Nail body - visable, pink because of underlying blood capilaries
Nail bed - thickened area of stratum corneum that attaches the free edge to the fingertip
Free edge -
Nail root - the portion that is not visable

61
Q

Nail root contains

A

Lunula - white semilunar area near the nail root

Nail matrix - proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root

Cuticle consists of starum corneum

62
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Regulation of body temp
Protection
Cutaneous sensations 
Excretion and absorbtion
Synthesis of VitD
63
Q

How does the skin regulate body temp

A

Sweat
Blood vessles dilate
Increasing heat loss

64
Q

How does the skin offer protection

A

Keratin
Melanin
Hair
Nails
Intraepidermal macrophages alert the immune system
Macrophages in the dermis phagocytize baceria/viruses

65
Q

How does the skin have cutaneous sensations

A

Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling)

Thermal sensations (warmpth, coolness, pain)

Tissue damage = pain

66
Q

How does the skin deal with excretion and absorption

A

Excretion - elimination of substances from the body

Absorption - passage of materials from the exterior into the body cells

67
Q

How does the skin deal with synthesis of vit D?

A

Exposure of the skin to Ultraviolet radiation activates VitD which is converted to an active from by a hormone called calcitriol

68
Q

When/Where does aging occur

A

After 40

In the proteins in the dermis

69
Q

What happens to Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and intraepidermal macrophages with aging

A

Collagen fibers - decrease in number
Elastic fibers - lose their elasticity
Fibroblasts - decrease in number resulting to wrinkles
Intraepidermal macrophages - become less efficient phagocytes decreasing the skins immune response
Sebaceous glands - decrease in size leading to dry skin

70
Q

Rosacea is a skin condition that

A

Affects mostly light - skinned adults between ages 30-60

Redness, tiny pimples, noticeable blood vessels

Central area of the face

A&P (5 decks)

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