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A&P > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Main cellular components:

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

Plasma membrane is:

A

A flexible outer covering of a cell, separating the inside and outside environment of a cell which plays a key role in communicating among cells and acts as a barrier

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3
Q

The plasma membrane consists mostly of:

A

Lipids and proteins

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4
Q

The lipid layer is made up of

A

3 types of lipid molecules:
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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5
Q

2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane:

A

Integral proteins - extend into or through the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins - loosly attached to the external or internal surface of the membrane

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6
Q

Glycoproteins are

A

Peripherial proteins

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7
Q

The plasma membrane has ________ permeability

A

Selective

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8
Q

What is the plasma membrane permeable and not permeable to?

A

Permeable to water, fatty acids, fat soluable vitamins, steroid, oxygen, and Carbon dioxide

Not permeable to ions, glucose, and AAs

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9
Q

Some integral proteins from iron channels through which …

A

Potassium ions can move into and out of the cell

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10
Q

Carriers (transporters) do what

A

Change shape as they move a substance from one side of the membrane to the other

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11
Q

What is unable to pass through the plasma membrane within the vesicles?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

integral proteins are called what?

What do they recognize?

A

Called receptors

Recognize and bind a specific molecule

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13
Q

Enzymes do what

A

Speed up specific chemical rxns

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14
Q

What are cell identity markers and what do they do?

A

Membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids

They recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells

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15
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

The cytosol o fa cell, inside the body cell, 2/3rd of body fluid

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16
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Outside the body cell

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17
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

In themicroscopic spaces between the cell of tissues

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18
Q

Plasma

A

Extracellular fluid in blood vessels

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19
Q

Lymph

A

Extracellular fluid in the lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Extracellular within and around the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Materials disolved in body fluids is called

A

A solute

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22
Q

Solvent

A

The fluid in which it is dissolved (water)

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23
Q

Concentration

A

The amt of solute in a soln

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24
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two different areas, the intracellular and extracellular fluid

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25
Q

Substances move across cellular membranes by two processes:

A

Passive process

Active process

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26
Q

Passive process

A

A substance moves down its concentration gradient through the membrane using only kinetic energy

Ex: diffusion and osmosis

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27
Q

Active process:

A

Cellular energy is in the form of ATP is used to push the substance through the membrane

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28
Q

Two types of diffusion:

A

Simple and facilitated

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29
Q

Simple diffusion:

A

Substances diffuse across a membrane through the lipid bilayer

Ex: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and body cells, between blood and air within lungs during breathing, transport method for absorption of lipid, and release of wastes from body cells

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30
Q

Facilitated diffusion is when

A

Some substances cannot move through simple diffusion and involves ion channels when ions move down their concentration gradients across the lipid bilayer

Ion Channels:

  • potassium ions
  • chloride ions
  • sodium ions
  • calcium ions
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31
Q

Substances that need carriers:

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
4) some vitamins

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32
Q

Osmosis is

A

A passive process in which water moves from an area of higher water to an area of lower water concentration

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33
Q

Osmotic pressure is when

A

A soln containing solute particles that cannot pass through a membrane and that exerts pressure on the membrane

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34
Q

Isotonic soln

A

Cells maintain their nml shape and volume and the conc of solutes are the same on both sides

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35
Q

Hypotonic soln

A

Lower conc of solutes

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36
Q

Hypertonic soln

A

Higher conc of solutes

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37
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of the red blood cells

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38
Q

Crenation

A

Shrinkage of red blood cells

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39
Q

Energy derived from splitting ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein and now it is called a

A

Pump

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40
Q

A pump moves a substance when?

A

It needs to go against its concentration gradient

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41
Q

All cells have thousands of sodium potassium pumps in their plasma membranes which is what?

A

The most important active transport that expels sodium ions from cells and brings in potassium ions.

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42
Q

A vesicle is

A

A small rounded sac that transports substances from one structure to another, takes in extracellular fluid, and releases substances into the extracellular fluid

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43
Q

Two main types of transport in vesicles are called:

A

Endocytosis - move into a cell
- phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Exocytosis - move out of a cell
- sensory cells and nerve cells

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44
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

Pseudopods reach out and grab the large molecule, then the pods fuse to form a phagosome and that enters into the cell.

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45
Q

Residula body

A

Undigested material remain indefinitely in a vesicle

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46
Q

Phagocytosis occurs only in

A

Phagocytes

White blood cells and macrophages

Protects the body from dz

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47
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

Where cells take up tiny droplets of extracellular fluid

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48
Q

Exocytosis results in

A

Secretion

Secretory cells
Nerve cells - nerotransmitters

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49
Q

Cytoplasm consists of

A

All the cellular contents, both cytosol and organelles

50
Q

Cytosol is the site of

A

Many chemical rxns

51
Q

The liquid portion of the cytoplasm accounts for what % of the total cell volume?

A

55%

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of three different protein filaments extending through the cytosol

1) microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubules

53
Q

Microfilaments are

A

The thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton

They contribute to the strength and shape of the cell

Movement, anchor, muscle contractions for locomotion and divisions

54
Q

Microvilli are

A

Fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the cell

55
Q

Intermediate filaments are

A

Thicker than microfilaments
Thinner than microtubules

Found in parts of the cells subject to tension (stretching)

Helps hold organelles such as nucleus in place

56
Q

Microtubules are

A

The largest of the cytoskeletal components

Long, hollow tubes

Help determine shape/function, migration of chromosomes, movements of cilia and flagella

57
Q

Organelles are

A

Specialized structures inside cells that has its own unique set of enzymes that have characteristic shapes and specific functions

58
Q

Centrosome is located where

A

Near the nucleus

Has its own pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material

59
Q

Centrioles are

A

Two cylindrical structures with:

9 clusters of 3 microtubules (triplet) arranged in a circlular pattern

Surrounding centrioles are ring shaped proteins called tubulins

60
Q

Role of a tubulin

A

Organizing center for growth of mitotic spindle

Plays a critical role in Cell division

61
Q

Cilia and flagella are

A

The motile projections of the cell surface formed from microtubules

Cilia are numerous and short. They propell fluids across the surfaces of cells (respiratory tract)

Flagella are much longer and usually move the entire cell (sperm cell)

62
Q

Ribosomes are

A

Function: protein synthesis

High content of RNA
Contain ribosomal proteins
Large and small subunits

Attached to outer surface of the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
Located w/in the mitochondria

63
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a…

A

Network of folded membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm

Rough ER
Smooth ER

64
Q

Rough ER

A

Extends from the nuclear envelope and appears rough because its studded with ribosomes

Function: synthesize secretory proteins, membrane molecules, glycoproteins, and phospholipids

65
Q

Smooth ER:

A

Extends from the Rough ER to form a network of membraneous tubules (lacks ribosomes - smooth)

66
Q

What are synthesized in the smooth ER

A

Fatty acids and steroids

67
Q

Enzymes of the smooth ER in liver cells do what

A

Release glucose into blood stream and inactivate/detoxify drugs

68
Q

Enzymes of the smooth ER in muscle cells do what

A

Release calcium ions for muscle contraction w/ the help of sarcoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

Golgi complex are

A

More extensive in cells that secrete proteins

First step in the transport pathway

Consists of 3-20 cisterns

Function: modify and package proteins

70
Q

What is it called when proteins are discharged from the cell

A

Exocytosis

71
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain as many as 60 different digestive enzymes

Function: recycle wornout organelles (autophagy)
Destroy entire cells (autolysis)

72
Q

Lysosomal membrane contains

A

Carrier proteins that allow the final products of digestion

73
Q

Peroxisomes are

A

Smaller units abundant in the liver where detoxification of harmful substances takes place

Contain catalase that decompose H2O2

Function: Protects other parts of the cell from toxic effects

74
Q

Proteasomes are

A

Tiny barrel shaped structures found in both the cytosol and nucleus containing enzymes.

Function: continuous destruction of unneeded/damaged, or faulty proteins

75
Q

Mitochondria are

A

The powerhouse of the cell
Site of ATP production
Liver and kidneys

Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane series of folds called mitochondrial crista

Function: degrades damaged proteins by cutting them into small peptides

76
Q

What part of the mitochondria contains enzymes?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

77
Q

Nucleus is

A

The largest organelle of the cell

Control center of the cell

Mature RBC have no nucleus

Skeletal muscle cells have a nucleus

78
Q

Nuclear envelope is

A

A dbl membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Continuous with the rough ER

79
Q

Nuclear pores are

A

Many openings that pierce the nuclear envelope

Control mmt of substance between the nucleus and cytoplasm

80
Q

Nucleoli are

A

One or more spherical bodies inside the nucleus

Muscle and liver cells have prominent nucleoli

81
Q

Genes are

A

Most of the hereditary units of a cell found within the nucleus

Control cellular structure and direct cellular activities

82
Q

Nuclear genes are arranged along

A

Chromosomes

83
Q

Human body cells (somatic) have how many chromosomes?

A

46

23 from each parent

84
Q

In a cell that is not dividing the 46 chromosomes appear as a diffuse granular mass which is called …

A

Chromatin

85
Q

The total genetic info carried in a cell or organism is called its

A

Genome

86
Q

Whats the DNAs job in genes

A

Instruction for making proteins

87
Q

What must happen to DNA to synthesize a protein?

A

It must be transcribed (copied) to form RNA

88
Q

What happens to cells when they become damaged/diseased/worn out

A

Replaced by cell division

2 types:
Reproductive and somatic

89
Q

Somatic cell division occurs where

A

In all body cells except the gamets

90
Q

In what sequences does a cell divide in somatic cell division?

A

Replication (duplication) of the DNA that make up genes and chromosomes so that the same genetic material can be passed on to newly formed cells

91
Q

Somatic cell division replaces what?

A

Dead or injured cells and adds new ones for tissue growth

Ex: skin cells are continually replaced by somatic cell divisions

92
Q

Reproductive cell division or meiosis is

A

The process that produces gametes (sperm and oocytes) that the cell needs to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms

93
Q

Cell cycle is the

A

Sequence of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it duplicates its contents and divides into two cells

94
Q

In somatic cells, the cell cycle consists of two major periods, what are they?

A

Interphase - when a cell is not dividing

Mitosis - when a cell is dividing

95
Q

Interphase is the phase in which a cell does what

A

Copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis

96
Q

Mitosis consists of what two things

A

Karyokinesis - division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm into two cells

97
Q

what does chromatin do

A

Condenses into chromosomes

98
Q

Nuclear division is the

A

Replication and distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into separate and equal nuclei

99
Q

Mitosis consists of what 4 phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prop Met Ana over the Telophone

100
Q

What happens during early prophase

A

The chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes

Each chromosomes consist of double stranded chromatids

A constricted region of the chromosome is called the centromere - holds the chromatid pair together

101
Q

Late prophase

A

The pericentriolar material of 2 centrosomes starts to form the mitotic spindle

Microtubles lengthen pushing centrosomes to opposite poles (ends) of the cell

Spindle extends from pole to pole and nucleolus and nuclear envelope break down

102
Q

Metaphase

A

The centromeres of the chromatid pair are aligned along the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at the center of the mitotic spindle

Midpoint is called the metaphase plate

103
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split separating the two chromatids and move them to opposite ends of the cell

Separated chromatids are called chromosomes

104
Q

Telophase begins when

A

After chromosomal movement stops

105
Q

Cytokinesis is

A

The division of a cells cytoplasm and organelles

Begins late anaphase w/ the formation of a cleavage furrow in the plasma membrane

Microfilaments in the cleavage furrow pull the plasma membrane inward constricting the center of the cell

106
Q

Cellular diversity means that the human body is comprised of trillions of cells that vary in size and shape and are measured how

A

In units called micrometers

1 micrometer = 1 one-millionth of a meter

107
Q

The largest cell is called

A

A single oocyte - barely visible to the unaided eye

108
Q

Shapes of cells are related to their

A

Function

109
Q

Sperm cell shape

A

Long tail (flagellum) uses it for locomotion

110
Q

RBC shape

A

Disc shape w/ lg surface area that enhances its ability to pass oxygen to other cells

111
Q

Smooth muscle cells shape

A

Long spindle shape shortens as it contracts and changes shape to allow the passage for blood flowing through vessels

112
Q

Microvilli shape

A

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine provide a lg surface area that speeds up the absorption of digested food

113
Q

Nerve cells shape

A

Long extensions that permit them to conduct nerve impulses over great distances

114
Q

What is aging?

A

A nml process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses

115
Q

Aging produces what

A

Observable changes in structure and function and increases vulnerability to environmental stress and dz

116
Q

Geriatrics is what

A

The specialized branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems of elderly persons

117
Q

Gerontology is the

A

Scientific study of the process and problems associated with aging

118
Q

What are specific DNA sequences found only at the tips of chromosomes that has to do with aging

A

Telomeres

They shorten w/ each cell division over time

Eventually they are completely gone which leads to aging and death of cells

119
Q

Glucose

A

Most abundant sugar in the body

Plays a role in the aging process

120
Q

Autoimmune response might be caused by

A

The changes in certain plasma membrane of glycoproteins and glycolipids that cause antibodies to attach the cell for destruction

Known signs of aging

Wrinkled skin, stiff jnts, hardened arteries

A&P (5 decks)

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