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Chapter 1 - Organization Of The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation for

A

Understanding the structures and functions of the human body

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2
Q

Anatomy is the science of

A

Structure and their relationships

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3
Q

Physiology is the science of

A

Body functions

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4
Q

Bones of the skull are

A

Tightly joined to form a rigid case that protects the brain

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5
Q

Lines in the skull are called

A

Sutures

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6
Q

Bones of the fingers are

A

Loosely joined which allows movement

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7
Q

6 levels of organization in the body

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism - everything combined
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8
Q

Chemical level includes

A

Atoms - the smallest units of matter

Molecules - 2 or more atoms joined together

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9
Q

Cellular level includes

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Ex: muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells

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10
Q

Tissue level includes

A

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a function

Ex: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissue

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11
Q

Organ level includes

A

Organs have a recognizable shape, composed of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific functions

Ex: stomach, heart, liver, lungs, brain

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12
Q

System level includes

A

A system consists of related organs that have a common function

Ex: integumentary sys, skeletal sys, muscular sys, nervous sys, digestive sys, urinary sys, reproductive sys…etc

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13
Q

Organism level includes

A

It is the largest level of organization

All of the systems combine to make up an organism…the human being

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14
Q

What is part of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, skin, glands, fingernails

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15
Q

What is part of the skeletal system?

A

Bone, cartilage, joint

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16
Q

What is part of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle attached to bone

  • cardiac muscle
  • small muscle (in organs)
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17
Q

What is found in the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerve

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18
Q

What is found in the endocrine system?

A

Thymus, adrenal, ovary, testis, pineal glad, pituitary glad, thyroid gland, pancreas

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19
Q

What is part of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, artery, vein

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20
Q

What is part of the lymphatic system?

A

Thymus, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessel

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21
Q

What is part of the respiratory system?

A 
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus - tree like structure inside lungs
Lung
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22
Q

What is part of the digestive system?

A

Salivary gland, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, lg intestine, sm intestine, mouth, pharynx, stomach, pancreas, anus

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23
Q

What is part of the urinary system?

A

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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24
Q

What is part of the reproductive system?

A

Women: uterine, mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina

Men: Penis, Testis, ductus vas deferens, seminal vehicle, prostate

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25
Define Life Process:
All living organisms have certain characteristics apart from nonliving things
26
Define metabolism
The sum of chemical processes that occur in the body, which includes the breakdown of lg, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones
27
Define Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes inside the body or outside the body environment Ex saltatory conduction - the jumping of the action potential from node to node
28
Define movement:
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cell and even tiny organelles inside the cells
29
Define Growth:
An increase in the body size, may be due to an increase in size and number of the existing cells or the amt of material surrounding the cells
30
Define Differentiation:
The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells
31
Define reproduction:
The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement and the production of a new individual
32
Define Homeostasis:
Maintaining Limits The maintenance of stable conditions to function effectively and contribute to the survival of the body Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body
33
What is the large part of the internal environment that consists of fluid surrounding body cells that help to maintain homeostasis
Interstitial fluid
34
Each body system contributes to homeostasisin some way... What two systems mainly control homeostasis?
Nervous system | Endocrine system
35
The nervous system detects
Changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change
36
The endocrine system corrects changes by
Secreting molecules called hormones into the blood and the hormones affect specific body cells where they cause responses that restore homeostasis
37
A feedback system or look is
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continuously monitored, evaluated, changed, etc and so on is termed a controlled condition
38
Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition is called a
Stimulus
39
A feedback system consists of 3 basic components
1) receptor 2) control center 3) effector
40
Define Receptor:
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
41
Define input
Nerve impulses or chemical signals
42
Define control center
The brain, it sets the range of values w/in which it should be maintained
43
Define output
Information that is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals that is relayed from the control center to an effector
44
Define effector
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces response
45
Feedback system is classified as
1) negative feedback | 2) positive feedback
46
Negative feed back system does what?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition, regulates conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods
47
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood as it passes against the walls of blood vessels and when the heart beats faster or harder, BP increases
48
Positive feedback system does what?
Strengthens a change in a controlled condition and tend to reinforce conditions that don’t happen very often (childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting)
49
Define disorder
Any abnormality of the structure and/or function
50
Define Disease
Illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs
51
Define symptoms
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
52
Define signs
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
53
Define aging
A nml process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
54
Basic structures include:
Skin, fascinate, muscle, jnts, ligaments, bursar, blood vessels, lymphatic, nerves, membranes, bone, cartilage, sexual differences
55
What are the 2 anatomical positions?
Supine - face up, palms up (soup) | Prone - face down, palms down
56
What are the regional names of the body?
``` Head Neck Trunk Upper Limbs Lower Limbs ```
57
What are the body regions?
``` Head Skull Face Neck Trunk Upper Limb Lower Limb Groin ```
58
Define Midline/Sagittal/Median Plane
Divide body into R and L sides
59
Define Parasagittal plane
Passes parallel to the Sagittal or median plane...to the left or right of midline
60
Define coronal plane
divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves
61
Define transverse or horizontal plane
Cuts the body in half
62
Define oblique plane
Other than the other planes
63
What’s the front aspect of the body
Anterior or ventral
64
What is the back aspect of the body
Posterior or dorsal
65
What means closer to the skin
Superficial
66
What means further from the skin
Deep
67
What means higher and closer to the head
Superior/cranial/cephalic
68
What means lower, closer to the feet?
Inferior/caudal
69
What means closer to the root of the limb
Proximal
70
What means away from the root of the limb
Distal
71
What’s an outer aspect of an organ
External
72
What’s closer to the center of an organ
Internal
73
What is the term for something on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
74
What is considered to be on the opposite side of the body?
Contralateral
75
Palm
Front of hand
76
Dorsum
Back of hand
77
What is nearer to the midline
Medial
78
What is further from the midline
Lateral
79
What are body cavities
Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support the internal organs
80
Cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones (skull) and contains the brain
81
Vertebral or spinal canal
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord
82
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity with 3 smaller cavities, the pericardial and 2 pleural cavities
83
Pericardial cavity is
A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
84
Pleural cavities do what
Surround the lung and contains a small amt of fluid
85
Mediastinum
An anatomical rgn in the central portion of the thoracic cavity, lies bt the lungs, extending from sternum to the vertebral column from the first rib to diaphragm Contains all thoracic organs except the lungs
86
Structures in the mediastinum
Heart Esophagus Trachea Several lg blood vessels
87
Diaphragm
Done shaped muscle that powers breathing and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomiopelvic cavity
88
The abdominopelvic cavity extends from
The diaphragm to the groin Divided into two portions - abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
89
What organs are in the abdominal cavity
``` Stomach Spleen Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Most of lg intestine ```
90
What organs are found in the pelvic cavity?
Urinary bladder Part of lg intestine Internal organs of reproductive system
91
Viscera are
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
92
Serious membrane
Thin, slippery, double layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of thorax and abdomen
93
The serous membrane has 2 parts, what are they?
Parietal layer - lines the wall of the cavities Visceral layer - covers and adheres to viscera w/in the cavities
94
Pleura
Serous membrane of pleural cavities
95
Pericardium
Serous membrane of pericardial cavity
96
Peritoneum
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
97
Mucous membrane
Lines the organs or passage that communicates with the surface of the body
98
A layer of epithelium in the mucous membrane that is supported by a layer of connective tissue
Lamina propria
99
What is the smooth muscle in the connective tissue of the muscous membrane called?
Muscularis mucosa
100
Other body cavities
Mouth, nose, eyes, ears, joints
101
What are the planes/lines of the abdominopelvic called
1) transpyloric 2) transtubercular plane 3) R midclavicular/mammary line 4) L midclavicular/mammary line
102
Transpyloric plane is also know as what? | What is it?
Addison’s plane Cuts through the pyloric of the stomach
103
Transtubercular plane is also known as what? | What is it?
Intertubercular Corresponds to the tubercles of the iliac crest Behind, it cuts the body of the fifth lumber vertebra
104
9 abdominopelvic rgns
R hypochondriac Epigastric L hypochondriac R lumber Umbilical L lumbar R iliac Hypogastric L iliac
105
What are the quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ. LUQ. | RLQ. LLQ.

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