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A&P > Chapter 1 - Organization Of The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Organization Of The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation for

A

Understanding the structures and functions of the human body

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2
Q

Anatomy is the science of

A

Structure and their relationships

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3
Q

Physiology is the science of

A

Body functions

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4
Q

Bones of the skull are

A

Tightly joined to form a rigid case that protects the brain

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5
Q

Lines in the skull are called

A

Sutures

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6
Q

Bones of the fingers are

A

Loosely joined which allows movement

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7
Q

6 levels of organization in the body

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism - everything combined
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8
Q

Chemical level includes

A

Atoms - the smallest units of matter

Molecules - 2 or more atoms joined together

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9
Q

Cellular level includes

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Ex: muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells

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10
Q

Tissue level includes

A

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a function

Ex: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissue

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11
Q

Organ level includes

A

Organs have a recognizable shape, composed of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific functions

Ex: stomach, heart, liver, lungs, brain

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12
Q

System level includes

A

A system consists of related organs that have a common function

Ex: integumentary sys, skeletal sys, muscular sys, nervous sys, digestive sys, urinary sys, reproductive sys…etc

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13
Q

Organism level includes

A

It is the largest level of organization

All of the systems combine to make up an organism…the human being

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14
Q

What is part of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, skin, glands, fingernails

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15
Q

What is part of the skeletal system?

A

Bone, cartilage, joint

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16
Q

What is part of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle attached to bone

  • cardiac muscle
  • small muscle (in organs)
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17
Q

What is found in the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerve

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18
Q

What is found in the endocrine system?

A

Thymus, adrenal, ovary, testis, pineal glad, pituitary glad, thyroid gland, pancreas

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19
Q

What is part of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, artery, vein

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20
Q

What is part of the lymphatic system?

A

Thymus, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessel

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21
Q

What is part of the respiratory system?

A 
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus - tree like structure inside lungs
Lung
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22
Q

What is part of the digestive system?

A

Salivary gland, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, lg intestine, sm intestine, mouth, pharynx, stomach, pancreas, anus

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23
Q

What is part of the urinary system?

A

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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24
Q

What is part of the reproductive system?

A

Women: uterine, mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina

Men: Penis, Testis, ductus vas deferens, seminal vehicle, prostate

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25
Q

Define Life Process:

A

All living organisms have certain characteristics apart from nonliving things

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26
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of chemical processes that occur in the body, which includes the breakdown of lg, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones

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27
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes inside the body or outside the body environment

Ex saltatory conduction - the jumping of the action potential from node to node

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28
Q

Define movement:

A

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cell and even tiny organelles inside the cells

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29
Q

Define Growth:

A

An increase in the body size, may be due to an increase in size and number of the existing cells or the amt of material surrounding the cells

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30
Q

Define Differentiation:

A

The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells

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31
Q

Define reproduction:

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement and the production of a new individual

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32
Q

Define Homeostasis:

A

Maintaining Limits

The maintenance of stable conditions to function effectively and contribute to the survival of the body

Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body

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33
Q

What is the large part of the internal environment that consists of fluid surrounding body cells that help to maintain homeostasis

A

Interstitial fluid

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34
Q

Each body system contributes to homeostasisin some way…

What two systems mainly control homeostasis?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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35
Q

The nervous system detects

A

Changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change

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36
Q

The endocrine system corrects changes by

A

Secreting molecules called hormones into the blood and the hormones affect specific body cells where they cause responses that restore homeostasis

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37
Q

A feedback system or look is

A

A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continuously monitored, evaluated, changed, etc and so on is termed a controlled condition

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38
Q

Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition is called a

A

Stimulus

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39
Q

A feedback system consists of 3 basic components

A

1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector

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40
Q

Define Receptor:

A

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

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41
Q

Define input

A

Nerve impulses or chemical signals

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42
Q

Define control center

A

The brain, it sets the range of values w/in which it should be maintained

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43
Q

Define output

A

Information that is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals that is relayed from the control center to an effector

44
Q

Define effector

A

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces response

45
Q

Feedback system is classified as

A

1) negative feedback

2) positive feedback

46
Q

Negative feed back system does what?

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition, regulates conditions in the body that are held fairly stable over long periods

47
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood as it passes against the walls of blood vessels and when the heart beats faster or harder, BP increases

48
Q

Positive feedback system does what?

A

Strengthens a change in a controlled condition and tend to reinforce conditions that don’t happen very often (childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting)

49
Q

Define disorder

A

Any abnormality of the structure and/or function

50
Q

Define Disease

A

Illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

51
Q

Define symptoms

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

52
Q

Define signs

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

53
Q

Define aging

A

A nml process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis

54
Q

Basic structures include:

A

Skin, fascinate, muscle, jnts, ligaments, bursar, blood vessels, lymphatic, nerves, membranes, bone, cartilage, sexual differences

55
Q

What are the 2 anatomical positions?

A

Supine - face up, palms up (soup)

Prone - face down, palms down

56
Q

What are the regional names of the body?

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
57
Q

What are the body regions?

A 
Head
Skull
Face
Neck
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Groin
58
Q

Define Midline/Sagittal/Median Plane

A

Divide body into R and L sides

59
Q

Define Parasagittal plane

A

Passes parallel to the Sagittal or median plane…to the left or right of midline

60
Q

Define coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves

61
Q

Define transverse or horizontal plane

A

Cuts the body in half

62
Q

Define oblique plane

A

Other than the other planes

63
Q

What’s the front aspect of the body

A

Anterior or ventral

64
Q

What is the back aspect of the body

A

Posterior or dorsal

65
Q

What means closer to the skin

A

Superficial

66
Q

What means further from the skin

A

Deep

67
Q

What means higher and closer to the head

A

Superior/cranial/cephalic

68
Q

What means lower, closer to the feet?

A

Inferior/caudal

69
Q

What means closer to the root of the limb

A

Proximal

70
Q

What means away from the root of the limb

A

Distal

71
Q

What’s an outer aspect of an organ

A

External

72
Q

What’s closer to the center of an organ

A

Internal

73
Q

What is the term for something on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

74
Q

What is considered to be on the opposite side of the body?

A

Contralateral

75
Q

Palm

A

Front of hand

76
Q

Dorsum

A

Back of hand

77
Q

What is nearer to the midline

A

Medial

78
Q

What is further from the midline

A

Lateral

79
Q

What are body cavities

A

Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support the internal organs

80
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by the cranial bones (skull) and contains the brain

81
Q

Vertebral or spinal canal

A

Formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord

82
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity with 3 smaller cavities, the pericardial and 2 pleural cavities

83
Q

Pericardial cavity is

A

A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

84
Q

Pleural cavities do what

A

Surround the lung and contains a small amt of fluid

85
Q

Mediastinum

A

An anatomical rgn in the central portion of the thoracic cavity, lies bt the lungs, extending from sternum to the vertebral column from the first rib to diaphragm

Contains all thoracic organs except the lungs

86
Q

Structures in the mediastinum

A

Heart
Esophagus
Trachea
Several lg blood vessels

87
Q

Diaphragm

A

Done shaped muscle that powers breathing and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomiopelvic cavity

88
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity extends from

A

The diaphragm to the groin

Divided into two portions - abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

89
Q

What organs are in the abdominal cavity

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Most of lg intestine
90
Q

What organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Urinary bladder
Part of lg intestine
Internal organs of reproductive system

91
Q

Viscera are

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

92
Q

Serious membrane

A

Thin, slippery, double layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of thorax and abdomen

93
Q

The serous membrane has 2 parts, what are they?

A

Parietal layer - lines the wall of the cavities

Visceral layer - covers and adheres to viscera w/in the cavities

94
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane of pleural cavities

95
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane of pericardial cavity

96
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

97
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines the organs or passage that communicates with the surface of the body

98
Q

A layer of epithelium in the mucous membrane that is supported by a layer of connective tissue

A

Lamina propria

99
Q

What is the smooth muscle in the connective tissue of the muscous membrane called?

A

Muscularis mucosa

100
Q

Other body cavities

A

Mouth, nose, eyes, ears, joints

101
Q

What are the planes/lines of the abdominopelvic called

A

1) transpyloric
2) transtubercular plane
3) R midclavicular/mammary line
4) L midclavicular/mammary line

102
Q

Transpyloric plane is also know as what?

What is it?

A

Addison’s plane

Cuts through the pyloric of the stomach

103
Q

Transtubercular plane is also known as what?

What is it?

A

Intertubercular

Corresponds to the tubercles of the iliac crest

Behind, it cuts the body of the fifth lumber vertebra

104
Q

9 abdominopelvic rgns

A

R hypochondriac
Epigastric
L hypochondriac

R lumber
Umbilical
L lumbar

R iliac
Hypogastric
L iliac

105
Q

What are the quadrants of the abdomen

A

RUQ. LUQ.

RLQ. LLQ.

A&P (5 decks)

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