Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
Define the epidermis
Keratinized stacked flat cells covering the surface
Define the dermis
Accounts for about 95% of the skin and is located underneath the epidermis
Define the hypodermis
Composed mostly of adipose tissue and blood vessels
Why is Vitamin D3 synthesis important?
Calcium absorption and bone development
What cell account for 90% of the epidermis makeup?
Keratinocytes
What are malignant melanoma?
Mostly deadly cancer found in melanocytes or preexisting moles
Describe Vitamin D Production
Cholesterol is ingested in a meal but without sunlight it can’t by converted to calcitriol(active vitamin D) by the kidneys, liver, and skin.
Define skin turgor
A test that reveals flexibility and resilience of the skin. Loss of skin turgor hints towards dehydration.
What is the reticular layer?
It’s a layer in the dermis that is made up of collagen fibers woven in all different directions(dense irregular connective tissue). Responsible for stretch marks
Hair is known as…..
Pilus
Define the inflammatory phase
Consists or bleeding, swelling, redness, and pain. Leading to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
Define Migratory Phase
Platelets and fibrin leads to a clot/scab
Define Proliferation phase
Rapid cell division; fibroblast rebuild damage tissues and new blood vessels emerge
Define scarring phase
Increase production of collagen fibers and development of a keloid
What’s the function of the integumentary system?
- Protection
- Excretion
- Thermoregulation
- Melanin
- Keratin
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Lipid (fat) storage
- Sensation
How does thick skin and thin skin differ?
Thick skin(hairless)is found on the palm and soles of the feet while thin skin covers the rest of the body
Define lamellar granules
Water repellent
Define Tactile(Merkel) cells
Receptors for touch found in the stratum basal
What is the function of Dendritic(Langerhans) cells?
Alert the immune system of pathogens and are found in the stratum spinosum and granulosum
What’s the difference between dermal ridges and dermal papillae?
Both are finger-like projections, however, dermal ridges extend downwards into the dermal papillae. They make up the fingerprints.
What are the layers of epidermis?
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Corneum
( lowest to highest)
Why is stratum licidum only found in thick skin?
It’s only found in thick skin such as the palm and sole because it’s for protection for areas most common to damage.
What’s another name for stratum basal?
Germinativum
Define melanin
Produced by melanocytes and packaged in melanosomes
Define ultraviolet radiation(UV Rays)
Stimulate melanin production
Define Carotene
Yellow pigment is acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables. It can be converted into vitamin A
Define hemoglobin
The red pigment in erythrocytes
Define cyanosis
The blueness of the skin indicates poor circulation turning the hemoglobin violet
Define Erythema
Redness caused by increased blood flow or pooling of blood superficially
Define Pallor
Pale skin
Define Albinism
Genetic lack of melanin
Define Jaundice
Yellow skin due to high level of bilirubin can indicate liver malfunction
Define Bronzing
Golden-brown brown hints at Addison disease
Define Hematoma
Bruise caused by clotted blood
Define vitiligo
White patches due to loss of melanin in certain areas
Define rickets
A condition that causes bones to be soft and may deform due to a lack of calcium. In adults, it is known as osteomalacia and can lead to osteoporosis
What is the papillary layer?
A thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae allows for movement for the WBCs
What are the lines of cleavage?
Patterns formed by collagen and elastic fibers along parallel bundles. Surgeons follow to make incisions
Define papillary plexus
Feeds the dermal papillae
Define cutaneous plexus
Blood vessels in the deeper reticular layer
What are free nerve endings?
Sense pain and temperature
What is communication with nerve endings known as?
Tactile discs
Located in the reticular layer and senses deep pressure and vibration
Lamellated corpuscles
The function of hair
- Body hair- alert us to parasites
- Scalp hair- heat and protection
- Beard, pubic, and axillary- sexual maturity
- Guard hairs- prevent foreign object
Defines the structure of a hair. ( Bulb, follicle, root, and shaft)
Bulb- hair originates
Follocle- where hair grows(flower pot)
Root- located in the dermis
Shaft- above the skin
What are the three stages of hair?
- Anagen- growing phase
- Catagen- shrinking follicle
- Halogen- Reset stage
What are the three types of hair?
- Lanugo- hair on the fetus
- Vellus- peach fuzz(soft hair)
- Terminal hair- long, course form hair and eyebrows
How does alopecia and male pattern baldness differ?
Alopecia is baldness while male pattern baldness is hair loss in regions.
How does hirsutism and telogen effluvium differ?
Hirsutism is excessive hair growth while telogen effluvium refers to hair being in the telogen stage due to stress.
What’s the difference between sebaceous glands and sebaceous follicles?
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum into hair follicles while sebaceous follicles secrete sebum into the skin
What are holocrine glands?
Glands the fill with oil and then break down to release oils
What is myoepithelial cells?
Squeezes sweat out of a ducts
Where are Merocrine(eccrine) glands most common?
Palms, soles, and forehead
Define diaphoresis
Sweating to wetness; over sweating
What do ceruminous glands secrete?
Earwax
What is debridement?
The removal of scar tissue to prevent infection
What is a skin grafts
Replacing skin with artificial or human skin
Define Decubitus ulcer
(Bedsore) pressure cutting off blood flow resulting in necrosis
Define Eczema
Rash with inflamed, itchy, dry skin
Define Furuncle
A boil, an infected hair follicle and nearby skin
Define Eschar
Burned, dead tissue
