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A&P Exam 1 Review > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the epidermis

A

Keratinized stacked flat cells covering the surface

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2
Q

Define the dermis

A

Accounts for about 95% of the skin and is located underneath the epidermis

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3
Q

Define the hypodermis

A

Composed mostly of adipose tissue and blood vessels

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4
Q

Why is Vitamin D3 synthesis important?

A

Calcium absorption and bone development

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5
Q

What cell account for 90% of the epidermis makeup?

A

Keratinocytes

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6
Q

What are malignant melanoma?

A

Mostly deadly cancer found in melanocytes or preexisting moles

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7
Q

Describe Vitamin D Production

A

Cholesterol is ingested in a meal but without sunlight it can’t by converted to calcitriol(active vitamin D) by the kidneys, liver, and skin.

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8
Q

Define skin turgor

A

A test that reveals flexibility and resilience of the skin. Loss of skin turgor hints towards dehydration.

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9
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

It’s a layer in the dermis that is made up of collagen fibers woven in all different directions(dense irregular connective tissue). Responsible for stretch marks

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10
Q

Hair is known as…..

A

Pilus

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11
Q

Define the inflammatory phase

A

Consists or bleeding, swelling, redness, and pain. Leading to vasodilation and increased blood flow.

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12
Q

Define Migratory Phase

A

Platelets and fibrin leads to a clot/scab

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13
Q

Define Proliferation phase

A

Rapid cell division; fibroblast rebuild damage tissues and new blood vessels emerge

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14
Q

Define scarring phase

A

Increase production of collagen fibers and development of a keloid

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15
Q

What’s the function of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Excretion
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Melanin
  5. Keratin
  6. Vitamin D synthesis
  7. Lipid (fat) storage
  8. Sensation
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16
Q

How does thick skin and thin skin differ?

A

Thick skin(hairless)is found on the palm and soles of the feet while thin skin covers the rest of the body

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17
Q

Define lamellar granules

A

Water repellent

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18
Q

Define Tactile(Merkel) cells

A

Receptors for touch found in the stratum basal

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19
Q

What is the function of Dendritic(Langerhans) cells?

A

Alert the immune system of pathogens and are found in the stratum spinosum and granulosum

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20
Q

What’s the difference between dermal ridges and dermal papillae?

A

Both are finger-like projections, however, dermal ridges extend downwards into the dermal papillae. They make up the fingerprints.

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21
Q

What are the layers of epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum Basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
    ( lowest to highest)
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22
Q

Why is stratum licidum only found in thick skin?

A

It’s only found in thick skin such as the palm and sole because it’s for protection for areas most common to damage.

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23
Q

What’s another name for stratum basal?

A

Germinativum

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24
Q

Define melanin

A

Produced by melanocytes and packaged in melanosomes

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25
Q

Define ultraviolet radiation(UV Rays)

A

Stimulate melanin production

26
Q

Define Carotene

A

Yellow pigment is acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables. It can be converted into vitamin A

27
Q

Define hemoglobin

A

The red pigment in erythrocytes

28
Q

Define cyanosis

A

The blueness of the skin indicates poor circulation turning the hemoglobin violet

29
Q

Define Erythema

A

Redness caused by increased blood flow or pooling of blood superficially

30
Q

Define Pallor

A

Pale skin

31
Q

Define Albinism

A

Genetic lack of melanin

32
Q

Define Jaundice

A

Yellow skin due to high level of bilirubin can indicate liver malfunction

33
Q

Define Bronzing

A

Golden-brown brown hints at Addison disease

34
Q

Define Hematoma

A

Bruise caused by clotted blood

35
Q

Define vitiligo

A

White patches due to loss of melanin in certain areas

36
Q

Define rickets

A

A condition that causes bones to be soft and may deform due to a lack of calcium. In adults, it is known as osteomalacia and can lead to osteoporosis

37
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

A thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae allows for movement for the WBCs

38
Q

What are the lines of cleavage?

A

Patterns formed by collagen and elastic fibers along parallel bundles. Surgeons follow to make incisions

39
Q

Define papillary plexus

A

Feeds the dermal papillae

40
Q

Define cutaneous plexus

A

Blood vessels in the deeper reticular layer

41
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Sense pain and temperature

42
Q

What is communication with nerve endings known as?

A

Tactile discs

43
Q

Located in the reticular layer and senses deep pressure and vibration

A

Lamellated corpuscles

44
Q

The function of hair

A
  1. Body hair- alert us to parasites
  2. Scalp hair- heat and protection
  3. Beard, pubic, and axillary- sexual maturity
  4. Guard hairs- prevent foreign object
45
Q

Defines the structure of a hair. ( Bulb, follicle, root, and shaft)

A

Bulb- hair originates
Follocle- where hair grows(flower pot)
Root- located in the dermis
Shaft- above the skin

46
Q

What are the three stages of hair?

A
  1. Anagen- growing phase
  2. Catagen- shrinking follicle
  3. Halogen- Reset stage
47
Q

What are the three types of hair?

A
  1. Lanugo- hair on the fetus
  2. Vellus- peach fuzz(soft hair)
  3. Terminal hair- long, course form hair and eyebrows
48
Q

How does alopecia and male pattern baldness differ?

A

Alopecia is baldness while male pattern baldness is hair loss in regions.

49
Q

How does hirsutism and telogen effluvium differ?

A

Hirsutism is excessive hair growth while telogen effluvium refers to hair being in the telogen stage due to stress.

50
Q

What’s the difference between sebaceous glands and sebaceous follicles?

A

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum into hair follicles while sebaceous follicles secrete sebum into the skin

51
Q

What are holocrine glands?

A

Glands the fill with oil and then break down to release oils

52
Q

What is myoepithelial cells?

A

Squeezes sweat out of a ducts

53
Q

Where are Merocrine(eccrine) glands most common?

A

Palms, soles, and forehead

54
Q

Define diaphoresis

A

Sweating to wetness; over sweating

55
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Earwax

56
Q

What is debridement?

A

The removal of scar tissue to prevent infection

57
Q

What is a skin grafts

A

Replacing skin with artificial or human skin

58
Q

Define Decubitus ulcer

A

(Bedsore) pressure cutting off blood flow resulting in necrosis

59
Q

Define Eczema

A

Rash with inflamed, itchy, dry skin

60
Q

Define Furuncle

A

A boil, an infected hair follicle and nearby skin

61
Q

Define Eschar

A

Burned, dead tissue

A&P Exam 1 Review (4 decks)

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