Chapter 4: Histology

Question 1

What is epithelial tissue primarily responsible for?

Answer 1

Covering (3%)

Question 2

What is connective tissue primarily for and what are some examples?

Answer 2

Primarily for connecting or supporting(45%)
Ex. Tendons(bone to muscle), bones, fat, and blood vessels

Question 3

What is muscle tissue primarily for?

Answer 3

Contracting and moving(50%)

Question 4

What is nervous tissue primarily for?

Answer 4

Sending signals to control the body(2%)

Question 5

What’s another name for basement membrane?

Answer 5

Basal lamina

Question 6

How does epithelia get nutrients?

Answer 6

Since epithelia is avascular, nutrients is absorbed from nearby tissues which require diffusion.

Question 7

Name the four major functions of epithelia

Answer 7

1. Physical protection (abrasion)
2. Permeability(absorption and secretion of nutrients & waste)
3. Sensation(touch & temperature)
4. Secretion(saliva & mucus)

Question 8

What hyaluronic acid?

Answer 8

Cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) and glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) holding cell together like glue

Question 9

Define Gap Junction

Answer 9

Gap junction is for communication. It allows for cells to exchange nutrients

Question 10

Define Tight Junction

Answer 10

Tight junction or occluding junction prevents leakage (ziplock bag)

Question 11

Define Desmosomes

Answer 11

Desmosomes hold cells together by a button-snap and is common in the epidermis and cardiac muscle

Question 12

Simple vs stratified

Answer 12

Simple refers to one layer and is good for absorption and secretion. Stratified refers to many layers and is good for protection.

Question 13

Define the three shape of tissues

Answer 13

1. Squamous: Flat
2. Cuboidal: equal width and length
3. Columnar: Tall and slender

Question 14

Define simple squamous function and where you’ll find it.

Answer 14

Simple squamous(looks like fried eggs)function is to secrete and absorp. It can be located in the alveoli

Question 15

Define the function of simple cuboidal and where it’s located?

Answer 15

Simple cuboidal(square or rounded cells) is for absorption and can be located in the kidney tubules

Question 16

Define simple columnar function and location.

Answer 16

Simple columnar(tall and narrow) function is secretion and is located in the intestines

Question 17

Define Pseudostratified Columnar function and its location.

Answer 17

Pseudostratified Columar function is to secrete mucus from goblet cells and found in the Respiratory tract

Question 18

Villi vs Cilia

Answer 18

Villi is for absorption while cilia is for movement

Question 19

Describe exocrine glands

Answer 19

Exocrine glands have ducts that secrete sweat, mammary, and tear glands

Question 20

What is ground substance?

Answer 20

Fills the empty space between the cells and fibers(holds them together) of connective tissue.

Question 21

Define the three types of ground substance.

Answer 21

1. Hard in bones
2. Liquid in blood
3. Rubbery in cartilage

Question 22

What are the three types of connective tissues?

Answer 22

1. Connective tissue proper(fibrous)
   Loose
   Dense
2. Fluid connective tissue
   Blood
   Lymph
3. Supporting connective tissue
   Cartilage
   Bone

Question 23

Fibroblasts

Answer 23

Produce fibers and ground substance

Question 24

What is collagen fibers?

Answer 24

Collagen fibers are very tough like rope and found in tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of skin

Question 25

What’s the difference between dense regular and dense irregular?

Answer 25

Dense regular is parallel collagen that’s very strong in one direction while dense irregular is beneath areolar and is strong every direction

Question 26

What is Hyaline?

Answer 26

Is desperate collagen fibers, chondrocytes in small clusters that can be found covering bones

Question 27

Bone

Answer 27

Osseous tissue

Question 28

Describe skeletal muscle

Answer 28

It’s shaped like a paper towel roll with multiple nuclei

Question 29

Describe Cardiac Muscle

Answer 29

It looks like skeletal but has only one nucleus

Question 30

Describe Smooth Muscle

Answer 30

It’s shaped like a football

Question 31

What is are cell junctions?

Answer 31

Connections between cells giving them resistance to stress and communication abilities.

Question 32

What are connexons

Answer 32

Holds gap junctions together

Question 33

Define hemidesmonsome

Answer 33

Like Desmosomes but are attached to the basale lamina(anchors)

Question 34

Define elastic fibers

Answer 34

Thin branching fibers of elastin

Question 35

Define reticular fibers

Answer 35

Thin collagen fibers covered in glycoprotein

Question 36

Define mast cells

Answer 36

Secrete heparin which inhabits clothing and histamine that dilates blood vessel

Question 37

What are stem cells that multiply at an injury site for repair?

Answer 37

Mesenchymal cells

Question 38

What two cells wander the body in search of bacteria and parasites?

Answer 38

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

Question 39

When does inflammation occurs?

Answer 39

With pain, redness, heat, and swelling

Question 40

What are the four Cardinal Signs of inflammation?

Answer 40

1. Redness
2. Heat(not like a fever
3. Edema
4. Pain

Question 41

Acute vs chronic

Answer 41

Acute develops quickly and is short-lived while chronic develops slowly and long-lasting

Question 42

What is fibrosis?

Answer 42

Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

Question 43

Define atrophy

Answer 43

Shinkage of tissues by the loss of size and cells

Question 44

Define Biospy

Answer 44

Examination of a piece of tissue to discover disease

Question 45

Define Cachexia

Answer 45

Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe, chronic illness like AIDS or cancer

Question 46

Define Nacrosis

Answer 46

Premature death of tissue

Question 47

Define Infrarction

Answer 47

Sudden death