Chapter 5: Inferential Statistics

Question 1

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

Answer 1

Used when one wants to statistically control a variable that could affect the outcomes of a study.

Question 2

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Answer 2

Appropriate test for comparing more than 2 means.

Question 3

Between-Group Comparison

Answer 3

One is determining if there is a difference between groups.

Question 4

Chi-Square

Answer 4

Presents as X^2, nonparametric stat commonly used to analyze differences in frequency data.

Question 5

Confidence Interval (CI)

Answer 5

A reliability estimate that suggests the range of outcomes expected for the population

Question 6

Dependent Sample t-Test

Answer 6

The comparison is within the same group; the test compares a dependent variable.

Question 7

Effect Size (ES)

Answer 7

Describes the magnitude or strength pf a statistic.

Question 8

Independent Sample t-Test

Answer 8

Compares the difference between the mean score for 2 groups being unrelated to each other.

Question 9

Inferential Statistics

Answer 9

Used when one wants to ‘infer” or conclude/suggest something about a larger population based on evidence and reasoning from a sample study.

Question 10

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Answer 10

Similar to the Mann test but is used when there are 3+ groups being compared making it the nonparametric equivalent of a one-way ANOVA.

Question 11

Level of Significance (aka alpha)

Answer 11

An agreed amt of risk you are willing to assume when experimenting (typically 0.05).

Question 12

Mann-Whitney Test

Answer 12

Compares 2 groups and is used when the parametric assumptions are not met.

Question 13

Mixed Model ANOVA

Answer 13

Used when between- and within-group analysis are conducted simultaneously (2+ groups are compared over 2+ time points. Allows one to examine both main effects and interaction effects.

Question 14

Nonparametric Statisitcs

Answer 14

Considered distribution-free; can compare categorical and ranking order.

Question 15

Parametric Statistics

Answer 15

Assumes that the distribution of scores in the sample is relatively normally distributed; utilizes mean & SD.

Question 16

Power

Answer 16

Provides information about the likelihood of detecting a difference if it exists.

Question 17

Power Analysis

Answer 17

Determines how many participant were needed to achieve adequate power.

Question 18

Probability

Answer 18

How likely something is to occur.

Question 19

p Value

Answer 19

Statistical significance that is reported in the study.

Question 20

One-Way ANOVA

Answer 20

Similar to the independent sample or between-group t-test; however it compares 3+ groups on a single dependent measure.

Question 21

Repeated Measures ANOVA

Answer 21

Like dependent sample or paired sample t-tests and is used when the means are comparied over more than 2 time periods (difference within one group at 3+ points in time).

Question 22

Statistical Significance

Answer 22

A # that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment or study could have occurred purely by chance.

Question 23

t-Test

Answer 23

Most basic inferential difference stat because it examines the differences between 2 groups at a single point in time or one group at two time points.

Question 24

Within-Group Comparison

Answer 24

One is determining if there is a difference within a single group.