Chapter 5: Inferential Statistics Flashcards
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Used when one wants to statistically control a variable that could affect the outcomes of a study.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Appropriate test for comparing more than 2 means.
Between-Group Comparison
One is determining if there is a difference between groups.
Chi-Square
Presents as X^2, nonparametric stat commonly used to analyze differences in frequency data.
Confidence Interval (CI)
A reliability estimate that suggests the range of outcomes expected for the population
Dependent Sample t-Test
The comparison is within the same group; the test compares a dependent variable.
Effect Size (ES)
Describes the magnitude or strength pf a statistic.
Independent Sample t-Test
Compares the difference between the mean score for 2 groups being unrelated to each other.
Inferential Statistics
Used when one wants to ‘infer” or conclude/suggest something about a larger population based on evidence and reasoning from a sample study.
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Similar to the Mann test but is used when there are 3+ groups being compared making it the nonparametric equivalent of a one-way ANOVA.
Level of Significance (aka alpha)
An agreed amt of risk you are willing to assume when experimenting (typically 0.05).
Mann-Whitney Test
Compares 2 groups and is used when the parametric assumptions are not met.
Mixed Model ANOVA
Used when between- and within-group analysis are conducted simultaneously (2+ groups are compared over 2+ time points. Allows one to examine both main effects and interaction effects.
Nonparametric Statisitcs
Considered distribution-free; can compare categorical and ranking order.
Parametric Statistics
Assumes that the distribution of scores in the sample is relatively normally distributed; utilizes mean & SD.
Power
Provides information about the likelihood of detecting a difference if it exists.
Power Analysis
Determines how many participant were needed to achieve adequate power.
Probability
How likely something is to occur.
p Value
Statistical significance that is reported in the study.
One-Way ANOVA
Similar to the independent sample or between-group t-test; however it compares 3+ groups on a single dependent measure.
Repeated Measures ANOVA
Like dependent sample or paired sample t-tests and is used when the means are comparied over more than 2 time periods (difference within one group at 3+ points in time).
Statistical Significance
A # that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment or study could have occurred purely by chance.
t-Test
Most basic inferential difference stat because it examines the differences between 2 groups at a single point in time or one group at two time points.
Within-Group Comparison
One is determining if there is a difference within a single group.
