Chapter 5- Infection Control: Transmissible Diseases Flashcards
Organisms that are capable of producing infection or infectious disease and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and prions
infectious agents
Microscopic organisms composed of a single cell, found in every habitat and environment
bacteria
Microscopic organisms that are generally considered to be nonliving as they can only replicate within a host cell
viruses
Can be single celled, or complex multicellular living organisms
fungi
single celled organisms causing parasitic infections
protozoa, helminths, prions
misfolding proteins transmitted to humans by infected meat products that prompt normal proteins to misfold, causing neurodegenerative diseases
prions
immunity to a disease occurs when the immune system develops ___ in order to eliminate an infectious agent
antibodies
Protection transferred from one animal or person to another that provides immediate but temporary immunity
passive immunity
Antibodies passed from a mother to her infant are considered ____ immunity
passive
Protection acquired in the body by having the disease recovering, or by vaccination, protection takes time to develop and can provide life-long immunity
active immunity
A child who contracts measles and recovers, or a child who receives the measles vaccination and does not suffer the disease symptoms is considered ____ immunity
active
products that provide immunity by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies to a specific infectious agent
vaccines
___ vaccines contain a weakened form of the infectious agent and can provide lifelong immunity
live attenuated
____ vaccines contain whole or partial inactive infectious agents manipulated to elicit an immune response
inactivated vaccines
Immunity from ___ vaccines may not last, boosters and multiple doses may be necessary
inactivated vaccines
___ vaccines work by taking a “message” to cells that prompts them to make a specific protein, which is then recognized by the immune system as an antigen
mRNA vaccines
the spread of microorganisms from one source to another: person to person, or person to inanimate object then to another person
cross-contamination
minimum standard of care to both protect DHCP and prevent DHCP from transmitting infectious agents among themselves and their patients
standard precautions
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and prions are all considered what link in the disease transmission chain
infectious agent
people, equipment, instruments, dental unit waterlines are all considered what link in the disease transmission chain
reservoirs
body fluids, skin and mucous membranes, droplets and spatter, and aerosols are all considered what link in the disease transmission chain
port of exit
direct contact, indirect contact, coughing, sneezing, speaking, and breathing are all considered what link in the disease transmission chain
transmission
body fluids, skin and mucous membranes droplets and spatter, needlestick, inhalation, and eyes are considered what link in the disease transmission chain
port of entry
immunosuppressed, medically compromised, elderly, preexisting transmissible disease, and nonvaccinated are all considered what link in the disease transmission chain
susceptible host
Interventions to break the chain of disease transmission include
standard and transmission precautions, immunizations, proper waste disposal, control of aerosols, treatment of secondary infection, clinical identification of lesions
aerosol particles range in size from __ um
1-100
droplet nuclei is ___um
<5um
droplets are ___um
5-100um
spatter is ___um
> 100um
Particles up to ___um are able to be inhaled
200
What bacteria may travel in dust around the dental treatment area
C. tetani
pathogens that can be transmitted to anyone exposed to contaminated body fluids
bloodborne pathogens
Loss of smell
anosmia
Loss of taste
ageusia
What herpes virus causes herpetic gingivostomatitis
HSV-1 Herpes simplex virus type I
What herpes virus causes genital herpes
HSV-2 Herpes simplex virus type II
What herpes virus causes varicella
VZV varicella zoster virus (HHV-3)
What herpes virus causes infectious mononucleosis
EBV Epstein barr virus (HHV-4)
What herpes virus causes mononucleosis, fever, hepatitis
CMV Human cytomegaloviruses (HHV-5)
What herpes virus causes karposis sarcoma
KSHV Karposis sarcoma related virus (HHV-8)
A coinfection of which two herpes viruses are associated with periodontitis
CMV and EBV
HHV 1 affects about __-___% of people worldwide
50-90
How is HIV transmitted
by direct contact with infected blood, semen, preseminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk
mode of transmission: sharing needles or other injection equipment used to prepare/ inject illicit drugs, hormones, silicone, and steroids.
sharing needles or other injection equipment used to
mode of transmission: all unprotected insensitive and receptive oral, anal, penile, and vaginal contact can transmit HIV
sexual
a normal CD4 T lymphocyte count is
500-1500 cells/mm
A CD4 T lymphocyte count below ___ indicates AIDS
200
Most common pathogen in HIV
candida albicans
A strain of S. aureus that is resistant to many antibiotic therapies, transmitted by direct and indirect contact, and can be endemic in a hospital
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
