Chapter 5 Infection

Question 1

What is infection

Answer 1

a state of cellular, tissue, and organ destruction resulting from invasion by microorganism

Question 2

What are pathogens

Answer 2

they are the mechanisms for causing disease

disease producing microbes

Question 3

How can the body be infected by a pathogen

Answer 3

by toxins

by direct destruction

by interfering with metabolic function

Question 4

What are the types of pathogens

Answer 4

bacteria- you get antibiotics (bacteria growing)

virus- can it affect DNA

rickets

chlamydia

fungi

helminths- worm like infection

Question 5

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 5

Infectious Agent (bacteria, virus)

Susceptible host (immunosuppressant, surgery)

Portal of entry ( GI tract, broken skin)

Means of transmission- how it is surviving/ how do they transmit themselves (airborne, direct etc,) (hand washing, isolate if the virus needs it

Portal of exit( masks, washing hands) secretions

Reservoirs- where they live and survive (water, people, environment) antimicrobial agents to stop the chain

Question 6

What are the modes of transmission

Answer 6

Direct- with the substance (cover anything that could be exposed)

Droplet

Airborne- tiny droplets whatever is in the air, so small

Vector- mosquito

Question 7

What are the phases of acute infection

Answer 7

Exposure
Incubation
Prodromal
Acute Clinical Illness (you have the sickness now)
Convalescent (where you start to recover)

Question 8

Whatare the complications of infections

Answer 8

Septicemia
- bacteriemia - raging bacterial infection (blood infection) haven’t gone in shock going to give IV

-septic shock - warrants in an ICU whole body is in shock

Chronic infection (UTI) continual and chronic

Question 9

What are the manifestations of infection

Answer 9

Local
-heat
-pain
-edema
-redness

Systemic
-fever
-weakness
-headache
-malaise

Question 10

What lab testing would be done?

Answer 10

WBC
-leukocytosis( high WBC over 11,000)
-leukopenia (low white count)

Serum Antibody levels

Cultures

Sensitivites

Question 11

What are treatments of infection

Answer 11

Antimicrobial drugs

-antibacterial
-anti fungal
-antiviral

Symptom Reduction

-fluids
-rest
-analgesics

Question 12

What are viral disorders

Answer 12

influenza- epithelial cells of the airway- droplet (gradual change) body remembers the flu

hepatitis - acute or chronic inflammation of the liver
contacted by body fluids

Question 13

What are the influenza manifestations

Answer 13

fever
malaise
chills
muscle aches

Question 14

How to diagnose influenza

Answer 14

history and physical exam

Question 15

How do you treat the influenza virus

Answer 15

vaccine
handwashing
hydration
nutrition

antiviral drugs sometimes

Question 16

What are bacterial disorders

Answer 16

Tuberculosis- airborne (humans are only known reservoir) lungs are primary infection
UTIs

Question 17

What are the 5 different hepatitis

Answer 17

Hep A- fecal- vaccine
Hep B- blood& bodily fluids- vaccine
Hep C- bood
Hep D- co infection
Hep E- fecal

Question 18

What are the clinical manifestations for viral hepatitis

Answer 18

Prodrome-fatigue, anorexia
Icterus- see liver damage, dark urine, bille Rubin
Recovery- improvement with residual

LIVER DISEASE

Question 19

How do you diagnose viral hepatitis

Answer 19

serum bilirubin
liver enzymes
antibodies in blood

Question 20

How do you treat viral hepatitis?

Answer 20

prevent
-handwashing
-vaccination

Symptomatic care
-fluids
-rest

Antiviral Drugs

Question 25

You are looking to break the chain of infection by washing your hands frequently as you provide care for patients. Which of the following links in the chain will be broken by this activity?

a. Reservoir
b. Host
c. Portal of entry
d. Mode of transmission

Answer 25

d. Mode of transmission

Question 26

Which of the following may make a person more susceptible to getting an infection?

a. Age between 6 and 46 years
b. Experiencing a surgery that is healing by primary intention
c. Final examinations week
d. A functioning immune system

Answer 26

c. Final examinations week

Question 27

The feeling that “something is not quite right” is considered which stage in infection?
a. Point of infection with pathogen
b. Incubation
c. Prodrome
d. Acute symptoms

Answer 27

c. Prodrome

Question 28

Which of the following clinical manifestations is not typically found with inflammation but is more characteristic of a bacterial infection?
a. Purulent exudate
b. Redness and swelling at the site
c. Lymphadenopathy
d. Fever

Answer 28

a. Purulent exudate

Question 29

A white blood cell differential shows an increase in the number of monocytes and macrophages in the blood. This typically means that:

a. this is a new infection.
b. this is a chronic infection.
c. this is a viral infection.
d. the differential provides no useful information.

Answer 29

b. this is a chronic infection.

Question 30

Given the mode of transmission for influenza, how would you break the chain of infection and prevent spread?

a. Administer antibiotics as directed.
b. Wash hands after toileting.
c. Disinfect table surfaces in the room.
d. Wear a mask.

Answer 30

d. Wear a mask.

Question 31

Which of the following diagnostic tests would give information to the presence of a carrier-state asymptomatic hepatitis B infection?

a. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg
b. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg
c. Prothrombin time (PTT
d. There is no way to distinguish the different forms of hepatitis B.

Answer 31

a. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg

Question 32

What is the most likely complication of an untreated UTI?

a. Glomerulonephritis
b. Pyelonephritis
c. Fulminant UTI
d. Urethritis

Answer 32

b. Pyelonephritis

Question 33

Treatment for tinea unguium must include:

a. oral antifungals.
b. topical antifungals.
c. both topical and oral antifungals.
d. nail removal and topical antifungals.

Answer 33

a. oral antifungals.

Question 34

Which of the following scenarios is most likely in the CSF of a patient with bacterial meningitis?

a. CSF has high neutrophil count and high protein count.
b. CSF has high neutrophil count and low protein count.
c. CSF has high glucose level and high red blood cell count.
d. CSF has high lymphocyte count and low red blood cell count.

Answer 34

a. CSF has high neutrophil count and high protein count.

Question 35

Which of the following is an important characteristic of M. tuberculosis (the microbe that causes TB) and helps to explain its pathogenesis?

a. It is a large and fast-growing microbe.
b. It produces toxins, and these toxins destroy lung tissue.
c. It is resistant to destruction and can sit dormant for years.
d. It cannot be detected or diagnosed until the disease is well advanced.

Answer 35

c. It is resistant to destruction and can sit dormant for years.

Question 36

An important aspect of infection is prevention. Which of the following would be an effective prevention measure for malaria?

a. Antibiotics
b. Avoiding international travel
c. Handwashing
d. Wearing long sleeves, pants, and a hat with face netting

Answer 36

d. Wearing long sleeves, pants, and a hat with face netting

Question 37

Infections cause a local inflammatory response at the site of infection, which leads to specific clinical manifestations. In the case of pyelonephritis, what would be a likely clinical manifestation?

a. Dysuria
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Tachycardia
d. Pruritus

Answer 37

a. Dysuria

Question 38

The patient is diagnosed with influenza. Which of the following best describes the route of transmission for this disease?

a. Airborne
b. Respiratory droplets
c. Direct contact
d. Fecal–oral

Answer 38

b. Respiratory droplets