Chapter 2 Altered Cells and Tissues Flashcards
Cellular Adaptation
the cell adapts/responds in order to survive and reach homeostasis
Atrophy
cell shrinks in an attempt to reduce its workload, EX: broken leg not being used for period of time
Hypertrophy
cell increases its mass in an attempt to increase its functional capacity to mee demands or to hormonal signaling. EX: muscle being used often making the body increase its size
Hyperplasia
cells that are capable of mitotic division will accelerate mitosis in order to increase their numb3r and functional ability. EX: breasts increase in size during pregnancy
Metaplasia
when exposed to persistent injury, cells will replace themselves with a different type that is better able to deal with that injury. EX: Barretts Esophagus from gastric reflux
Dysplasia
dysfunctional effort to adapt; usually considered pre-neoplastic (abnormal cell growth, can be cancerous). EX: cartilage dysplasia in some cases can cause dwarfism
cellular injury
early stages, mild forms of cell injury is reversible. continual cell damage and injury causes irreversible state that the cell cannot recover from and the cell dies
Hypoxia
oxygen deprivation, most common cause of cell injury, interferes with generation of ATP, this slows cell processes, Na+ accumulates in the cell, drawing water
Anaerobic glycolysis
how ATP is made without oxygen, only yields 3 ATP while Aerobic yields 30 ATP
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Direct trauma to cell membranes
EX: a papercut
Blunt force trauma
does not break skin
direct penetrating trauma
EX: a knife stabs the skin
Hypothermic injury
severe vasocontraction and increased blood viscosity causes ischemia (constricted blood flow)
Hyperthermic injury
microvascular coagulation, increase metabolic processes, direct tissue
electrical injury
cells of the body act as conductors of electricity, neural and cardiac are interrupted, hyperthermic destruction occurs. genetic damage, radiation induced cell death,
chemical injury
toxic chemicals/poisons exert their effects by interfering with bonds. heavy metals, toxic gases, corrosives, antimetabolites
nutritional deficiencies
cell injury can come from deficiency or excess of nutrients, poor diet, altered absorption, impaired distribution
Necrosis
cell death in an organ or in tissues that are still part of a living person. often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration
Liquefaction
neuron and glial cells of the brain turn to softened center of abscess with discharge of contents
coagulation
dead cells convert to gray, firm mass, opaque state, seen in heart, kidney and adrenal glands
caseous
exclusive to TB, body walls this off and middle becomes white soft and fragile, dead cells persist as a cheese-like debris in lungs
Gangrene
when a considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis
Dry Gangrene
slow, dry, shrinks, dark brown or black, typically an arterial problem mainly confined to the extremities (clot)
Wet Gangrene
rapid, type of liquefaction necrosis interference of venous blood return, blebs form on skin, foul order from bacterial action, moist, black, can become systemic, dry can convert to wet if bacteria invade
Gas Gangrene
most commonly results from Clostridium perfringens, anaerobic spore forming organisms produce toxins that cause cell membrane to dissolve, prone to occur in trauma, produces hydrogen sulfide gas (serious and rapidly fatal)
- The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is linked to the development of oxidative stress is known as the:
a. endoplasmic reticulum.
b. Golgi apparatus.
c. lysosome.
d. mitochondria.
mitochondria
- Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of:
a. differentiation.
b. proliferation.
c. endocytosis.
d. exocytosis.
differentiation
- The cell’s typical response to a decrease in trophic signal is:
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. phagocytosis.
atrophy
- Cell death by necrosis is:
a. the cell’s way of replacing aged cells with new cells.
b. also known as programmed cell death.
c. often a response to inflammation.
d. commonly seen during the period of embryo development.
often a response to inflammation
- You are caring for a female patient who has reported a noticeable decrease in breast size and muscle mass. Which of the following conditions and causes is the most likely explanation?
a. Puberty
b. Pregnancy
c. Menopause
d. Acromegaly
Menopause
- The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors that promote metaplasia:
a. are irreversible.
b. can result in cancer.
c. change from one cell type to another.
d. show abnormal differentiation
change from one cell type to another
- Cellular atrophy results in:
a. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell number.
b. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell size.
c. decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size.
d. no change in tissue volume.
decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size.
- Treatment of chronic conditions associated with cerebral atrophy:
a. are effective at restoring neuronal function.
b. are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy.
c. are best initiated when advanced signs and symptoms are evident.
d. are not indicated.
are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy.
- Which of the following hormones is secreted from the anterior pituitary?
a. Growth hormone
b. Somatostatin
c. Growth hormone–releasing hormone
d. Insulin-like growth factor 1
Growth hormone
- Which one of the following is a diagnostic test for cervical dysplasia?
a. Liquid-based Pap cytology
b. Conventional Pap cytology
c. Cervical punch biopsy
d. HPV testing
Cervical punch biopsy
- Which of the following reactive oxygen species is scavenged by catalase?
a. Hydroxyl radical
b. Peroxynitrite
c. Superoxide
d. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
- Which of the following terms describes cells that are enlarged, with darkened nuclei and abnormal chromatin?
a. Hyperplastic
b. Dysplastic
c. Metaplastic
d. Aplastic
Dysplastic
