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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 2 Altered Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Altered Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Adaptation

A

the cell adapts/responds in order to survive and reach homeostasis

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

cell shrinks in an attempt to reduce its workload, EX: broken leg not being used for period of time

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cell increases its mass in an attempt to increase its functional capacity to mee demands or to hormonal signaling. EX: muscle being used often making the body increase its size

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cells that are capable of mitotic division will accelerate mitosis in order to increase their numb3r and functional ability. EX: breasts increase in size during pregnancy

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

when exposed to persistent injury, cells will replace themselves with a different type that is better able to deal with that injury. EX: Barretts Esophagus from gastric reflux

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

dysfunctional effort to adapt; usually considered pre-neoplastic (abnormal cell growth, can be cancerous). EX: cartilage dysplasia in some cases can cause dwarfism

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7
Q

cellular injury

A

early stages, mild forms of cell injury is reversible. continual cell damage and injury causes irreversible state that the cell cannot recover from and the cell dies

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8
Q

Hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation, most common cause of cell injury, interferes with generation of ATP, this slows cell processes, Na+ accumulates in the cell, drawing water

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9
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

how ATP is made without oxygen, only yields 3 ATP while Aerobic yields 30 ATP

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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11
Q

Direct trauma to cell membranes

A

EX: a papercut

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12
Q

Blunt force trauma

A

does not break skin

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13
Q

direct penetrating trauma

A

EX: a knife stabs the skin

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14
Q

Hypothermic injury

A

severe vasocontraction and increased blood viscosity causes ischemia (constricted blood flow)

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15
Q

Hyperthermic injury

A

microvascular coagulation, increase metabolic processes, direct tissue

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16
Q

electrical injury

A

cells of the body act as conductors of electricity, neural and cardiac are interrupted, hyperthermic destruction occurs. genetic damage, radiation induced cell death,

17
Q

chemical injury

A

toxic chemicals/poisons exert their effects by interfering with bonds. heavy metals, toxic gases, corrosives, antimetabolites

18
Q

nutritional deficiencies

A

cell injury can come from deficiency or excess of nutrients, poor diet, altered absorption, impaired distribution

19
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death in an organ or in tissues that are still part of a living person. often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration

20
Q

Liquefaction

A

neuron and glial cells of the brain turn to softened center of abscess with discharge of contents

21
Q

coagulation

A

dead cells convert to gray, firm mass, opaque state, seen in heart, kidney and adrenal glands

22
Q

caseous

A

exclusive to TB, body walls this off and middle becomes white soft and fragile, dead cells persist as a cheese-like debris in lungs

23
Q

Gangrene

A

when a considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis

24
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

slow, dry, shrinks, dark brown or black, typically an arterial problem mainly confined to the extremities (clot)

25
Q

Wet Gangrene

A

rapid, type of liquefaction necrosis interference of venous blood return, blebs form on skin, foul order from bacterial action, moist, black, can become systemic, dry can convert to wet if bacteria invade

26
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

most commonly results from Clostridium perfringens, anaerobic spore forming organisms produce toxins that cause cell membrane to dissolve, prone to occur in trauma, produces hydrogen sulfide gas (serious and rapidly fatal)

27
Q
  1. The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is linked to the development of oxidative stress is known as the:

a. endoplasmic reticulum.
b. Golgi apparatus.
c. lysosome.
d. mitochondria.

A

mitochondria

28
Q
  1. Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of:

a. differentiation.
b. proliferation.
c. endocytosis.
d. exocytosis.

A

differentiation

29
Q
  1. The cell’s typical response to a decrease in trophic signal is:

a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. phagocytosis.

A

atrophy

30
Q
  1. Cell death by necrosis is:

a. the cell’s way of replacing aged cells with new cells.
b. also known as programmed cell death.
c. often a response to inflammation.
d. commonly seen during the period of embryo development.

A

often a response to inflammation

31
Q
  1. You are caring for a female patient who has reported a noticeable decrease in breast size and muscle mass. Which of the following conditions and causes is the most likely explanation?

a. Puberty
b. Pregnancy
c. Menopause
d. Acromegaly

A

Menopause

32
Q
  1. The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors that promote metaplasia:

a. are irreversible.
b. can result in cancer.
c. change from one cell type to another.
d. show abnormal differentiation

A

change from one cell type to another

33
Q
  1. Cellular atrophy results in:

a. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell number.
b. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell size.
c. decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size.
d. no change in tissue volume.

A

decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size.

34
Q
  1. Treatment of chronic conditions associated with cerebral atrophy:

a. are effective at restoring neuronal function.
b. are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy.
c. are best initiated when advanced signs and symptoms are evident.
d. are not indicated.

A

are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy.

35
Q
  1. Which of the following hormones is secreted from the anterior pituitary?

a. Growth hormone
b. Somatostatin
c. Growth hormone–releasing hormone
d. Insulin-like growth factor 1

A

Growth hormone

36
Q
  1. Which one of the following is a diagnostic test for cervical dysplasia?

a. Liquid-based Pap cytology
b. Conventional Pap cytology
c. Cervical punch biopsy
d. HPV testing

A

Cervical punch biopsy

37
Q
  1. Which of the following reactive oxygen species is scavenged by catalase?

a. Hydroxyl radical
b. Peroxynitrite
c. Superoxide
d. Hydrogen peroxide

A

Hydrogen peroxide

38
Q
  1. Which of the following terms describes cells that are enlarged, with darkened nuclei and abnormal chromatin?

a. Hyperplastic
b. Dysplastic
c. Metaplastic
d. Aplastic

A

Dysplastic

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (11 decks)

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