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NASM Chapters 1 - 9 > Chapter 5 – Human Movement Science > Flashcards

Chapter 5 – Human Movement Science Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

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2
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference.

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference.

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference.

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5
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference.

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6
Q

Anterior

A

On the front of the body.

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7
Q

Posterior

A

On the back of the body.

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8
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body.

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body.

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body.

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body.

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12
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology.

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves; flexion and extension; lateral/medial.

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14
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

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15
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

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16
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves; adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, eversion/inversion; Anterior-Posterior.

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18
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

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19
Q

Adduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

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20
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves; internal Rotation/external Rotation, horizontal adduction/horizontal abduction, pronation/supination.

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21
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

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22
Q

External rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

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23
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral
position.

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24
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior one.

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25
Scapular retraction
Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
26
Scapular protraction
Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
27
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae.
28
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae.
29
Eccentric muscle action
When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force.
30
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
31
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
32
Isokinetic muscle action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
33
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
34
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
35
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
36
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints.
37
Torque
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm.
38
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external stimuli.
39
Motor control
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
40
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
41
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
42
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.
43
Sensorimotor integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
44
Feedback
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in motor learning.
45
Internal feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
46
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.
47
First class levers
The fulcrum in the middle, with the effort and resistance on either side; like a see-saw.
48
Second class levers
The resistance in the middle, with the fulcrum and effort on either side; like a wheelbarrow.
49
Third class levers
The effort in the middle, with the fulcrum and resistance on either side.
50
Example of Force-Couple Relationships
Upward rotation of the scapula where the upper trapezius connects to the top of the scapula and pulls it in a superior-medial direction, while the serratus anterior attaches to the bottom of the scapula and pulls it in an inferior-lateral direction.
51
Common force couples: Elbow flexion in a Bicep Curl
Shortening of the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis.
52
Common force couples: Hip Flexion in a leg lift
Shortening of the Psoas major and minor, rectus femoris and illiacus.
53
Common force couples: Shoulder internal rotation
Shortening of the Pectoralis Major, Subscapularis and latissimus dorsi.
54
Example of exercises in the Frontal Plane:
Side lateral raise, side lunge, side shuffle. Abduction: Barbell shoulder press and Cable hip abduction. Adduction: Pull up and Cable hip adduction.
55
Example of exercises in the Sagittal Plane:
Biceps curl, triceps pushdown, squat. Flexion: Hamstring curl and Barbell curl. Extension: Quad Extension and Triceps Skull Crusher.
56
Example of exercises in the Transverse Plane:
Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation. Internal Rotation: Band Internal and Rotation. Trunk Rotation: Woodchop Horizontal Adduction: Cable Chest Fly Horizontal Abduction: Rear delt fly machine
57
Concentric
Moving in opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens.
58
Eccentric
Muscle develops tension while lengthening; decelerates force.
59
Isometric
Muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.
60
Force-velocity curve
As the velocity of a contraction increases, concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.
61
Neuromuscular efficiency
Ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.
62
Structural efficiency
Alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.
63
Davis’s law
soft tissue models along the lines of stress.

NASM Chapters 1 - 9 (8 decks)

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