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NASM Chapters 1 - 9 > Chapter 5 – Human Movement Science > Flashcards

Chapter 5 – Human Movement Science Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

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2
Q

Superior

A

Positioned above a point of reference.

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Positioned below a point of reference.

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference.

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5
Q

Distal

A

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference.

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6
Q

Anterior

A

On the front of the body.

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7
Q

Posterior

A

On the back of the body.

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8
Q

Medial

A

Positioned near the middle of the body.

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Positioned toward the outside of the body.

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10
Q

Contralateral

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body.

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Positioned on the same side of the body.

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12
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology.

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves; flexion and extension; lateral/medial.

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14
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

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15
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

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16
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves; adduction/abduction, lateral flexion, eversion/inversion; Anterior-Posterior.

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18
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

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19
Q

Adduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

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20
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves; internal Rotation/external Rotation, horizontal adduction/horizontal abduction, pronation/supination.

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21
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

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22
Q

External rotation

A

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

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23
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral
position.

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24
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior one.

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25
Q

Scapular retraction

A

Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

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26
Q

Scapular protraction

A

Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

27
Q

Scapular depression

A

Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae.

28
Q

Scapular elevation

A

Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae.

29
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force.

30
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.

31
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

32
Q

Isokinetic muscle action

A

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

33
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

34
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

35
Q

Force-couple

A

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

36
Q

Rotary motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

37
Q

Torque

A

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm.

38
Q

Motor behavior

A

Motor response to internal and external stimuli.

39
Q

Motor control

A

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

40
Q

Motor learning

A

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

41
Q

Motor development

A

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

42
Q

Muscle synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.

43
Q

Sensorimotor integration

A

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

44
Q

Feedback

A

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in motor learning.

45
Q

Internal feedback

A

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

46
Q

External feedback

A

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.

47
Q

First class levers

A

The fulcrum in the middle, with the effort and resistance on either side; like a see-saw.

48
Q

Second class levers

A

The resistance in the middle, with the fulcrum and effort on either side; like a wheelbarrow.

49
Q

Third class levers

A

The effort in the middle, with the fulcrum and resistance on either side.

50
Q

Example of Force-Couple Relationships

A

Upward rotation of the scapula where the upper trapezius connects to the top of the scapula and pulls it in a superior-medial direction, while the serratus anterior attaches to the bottom of the scapula and pulls it in an inferior-lateral direction.

51
Q

Common force couples: Elbow flexion in a Bicep Curl

A

Shortening of the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis.

52
Q

Common force couples: Hip Flexion in a leg lift

A

Shortening of the Psoas major and minor, rectus femoris and illiacus.

53
Q

Common force couples: Shoulder internal rotation

A

Shortening of the Pectoralis Major, Subscapularis and latissimus dorsi.

54
Q

Example of exercises in the Frontal Plane:

A

Side lateral raise, side lunge, side shuffle. Abduction: Barbell shoulder press and Cable hip abduction.
Adduction: Pull up and Cable hip adduction.

55
Q

Example of exercises in the Sagittal Plane:

A

Biceps curl, triceps pushdown, squat. Flexion: Hamstring curl and Barbell curl. Extension: Quad Extension and Triceps Skull Crusher.

56
Q

Example of exercises in the Transverse Plane:

A

Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation. Internal Rotation: Band Internal and Rotation.
Trunk Rotation: Woodchop
Horizontal Adduction: Cable Chest Fly
Horizontal Abduction: Rear delt fly machine

57
Q

Concentric

A

Moving in opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens.

58
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle develops tension while lengthening; decelerates force.

59
Q

Isometric

A

Muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.

60
Q

Force-velocity curve

A

As the velocity of a contraction increases, concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.

61
Q

Neuromuscular efficiency

A

Ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.

62
Q

Structural efficiency

A

Alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.

63
Q

Davis’s law

A

soft tissue models along the lines of stress.

NASM Chapters 1 - 9 (8 decks)

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