Chapter 2 Vocab and Notes

Question 1

Human movement system

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

The communication network within the human body.

Question 3

Sensory function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external
environment.

Question 4

Integrative function

Answer 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information and produce.

Question 5

Motor function

Answer 5

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation.

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense
body position and movement.

Question 7

Neuron

Answer 7

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 8

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 8

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs)
via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 10

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 10

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites.

Question 11

Central nervous system

Answer 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 12

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Question 14

Muscle spindles

Answer 14

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 15

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 16

Joint receptors

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of
the joint.

Question 17

Skeletal system

Answer 17

The body’s framework; composed of bones and joints.

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

Structures that provide the resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

Junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur.

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption).

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Question 27

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 27

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate.

Question 28

What are the four roles a muscle can play depending on the motion that is required?

Answer 28

Agonist, synergist, antagonist, and stabilizer.

Question 29

Agonist

Answer 29

Prime mover for a movement that provides the main source of force generation. For example, the gluteus maximus and quadriceps are agonists during a squat.

Question 30

Synergist

Answer 30

They help the prime mover (but are not the main force generator). For example, during a rowing exercise, the biceps brachii and posterior deltoids are synergists because they help the back muscles (latissimus dorsi) perform the movement.

Question 31

Antagonist

Answer 31

They create joint actions opposite to the prime mover. For example, the triceps brachii is an antagonist muscle during a biceps curl and the biceps brachii is an antagonist during a triceps pushdown exercise.

Question 32

Stabilizer

Answer 32

They support joints during movement. For example, the rotator cuff muscles stabilize the shoulders during a chest press exercise.

Question 33

Periosteum

Answer 33

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints.

Question 34

Medullar cavity

Answer 34

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

Question 35

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 35

Cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones.

Question 36

Depressions

Answer 36

Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites.

Question 37

Processes

Answer 37

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 38

Vertebral column

Answer 38

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Question 39

Arthrokinematics

Answer 39

Joint motion.

Question 40

Synovial joints

Answer 40

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints.

Question 41

Non-synovial joints

Answer 41

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 42

Ligaments

Answer 42

Fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 43

Muscular system

Answer 43

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.

Question 44

Epimysium

Answer 44

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Question 45

Perimysium

Answer 45

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

Question 46

Endomysium

Answer 46

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 47

Tendons

Answer 47

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Question 48

Sarcomere

Answer 48

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.

Question 49

Neural activation

Answer 49

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Question 50

Motor unit

Answer 50

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to.

Question 51

Neurotransmitters

Answer 51

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Question 52

Insulin and glucagon

Answer 52

Secreted by the pancreas; regulate blood glucose for use by all bodily cells for energy production.

Question 53

Catecholamines

Answer 53

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are produced by the adrenal glands; responsible for readying our bodies for activity and the fight or flight response.

Question 54

Growth hormone

Answer 54

Secreted by the pituitary gland; mainly responsible for stimulating growth during puberty.

Question 55

Cortisol

Answer 55

A hormone that is released in times of stress and stimulates tissue breakdown for a ready source of energy to overcome a stressor.

Question 56

type I (slow-twitch)

Answer 56

More resistant to fatigue; smaller size; contains more mitochondria and oxygen; less power; endurance fibers.

Question 57

type II (fast-twitch)

Answer 57

Less enduring; less oxygen delivery; more power and force; larger than type I; contract fast to deliver more power.