Chapter 4 – Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

The study of energy in the human body.

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. Metabolism is the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Question 3

Exercise metabolism

Answer 3

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Question 4

Substrates

Answer 4

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose,a simple sugar.

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein; it serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

Question 8

Fat

Answer 8

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated.

Question 9

Triglycerides

Answer 9

The chemical, or substrate, form in which most fats exist in food as well as in the body.

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

Question 11

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids. A survival mechanism to protect against starvation.

Question 12

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 12

Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Question 13

Adenosine diphosphate

Answer 13

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which ATP is formed.

Question 14

β-oxidation

Answer 14

The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits, called free fatty acids (FFAs), to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of
additional ATP.

Question 15

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Answer 15

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

Question 16

What happens when it’s more glucose in the blood than cells can readily use?

Answer 16

They get converted to triglycerides and stored on the body as fatty tissue.

Question 17

Why does the body prefer glucose instead of a fat molecule?

Answer 17

A fat molecule takes much longer to break down and requires much more oxygen for use.

Question 18

ATP-PC

Answer 18

Anaerobic; depleted after around 10-15 seconds of sustained high-intensity work.

Question 19

Glycolysis - the second system in ATP pathway

Answer 19

Anaerobic; Moderate to high intensity; up to 30-50 seconds.

Question 20

Oxidative System

Answer 20

Aerobic glycolysis; Kerbs cycle; Electron transport chain, ETC; Long-term energy. Fats get broken during this system.

Question 21

Acetyl CoA

Answer 21

Used in the Krebs cycle to form 2 more ATP, with the byproducts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

Question 22

What is one of the key goals of performing cardiorespiratory exercise?

Answer 22

Training the oxidative system to respond faster to increases in intensity.