Chapter 5: Genetics Flashcards
Topics Covered: Chapter 5 Cell Structure and Function Section 1: Mendel and His Peas Section 2: Understanding Inheritance Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance Section 4: DNA and Genetics
Heredity
The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring
Trait
A characteristic an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
Gene
The set of information that controls a trait
Alleles
The different forms of a gene
Dominant
causes a trait to always show up if that allele is present
Recessive
are hidden whenever a dominant allele is present
Probability
A number that describes how likely an event is to occur
Phenotype
An organism’s physical appearance or visible traits
Genotype
An organism’s genetic makeup or allele combinations
Homozygous
An organism whose Genotype has 2 identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
An organism whose Genotype has 2 different alleles for a trait.
Meiosis
The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half
Protein Synthesis
The process by which proteins are made
Mutation
Any type of change in a gene or chromosome
Who was Gregor Mendel?
A friar in the mid nineteenth century, who wondered why different pea plants had different characteristics.
What are the four steps of how proteins are produced from RNA?
Step 1: Messenger RNA Production
Step 2: Messenger RNA Attaches to a Ribosome
Step 3: Transfer RNA Attaches to Messenger RNA
Step 4: Protein Production Continues
What is the function of tRNA in the protein synthesis process?
Carries the message (genetic code from DNA) from the cytoplasm to the ribosome and carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the mixture that will become a protein
Which of the nitrogen bases can only be found in RNA?
adenine, ctyosine, uracil, and guanine
How are DNA and RNA different from each other?
RNA has one strand, while DNA had two
RNA is made of a different sugar molecule than DNA
RNA has different nitrogen bases than DNA
What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?
That genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes
Which of the nitrogen bases are only found in DNA?
adenine, ctyosine, thymine, guanine
On what conditions can a mutation be passed from parent to offspring?
A mutation can only be passed on to the offspring and effect its phenotype if the mutation occurs in the sex cells of the parent.
If a coin is being tossed 100 times, how many heads are expected? How many tails?
50 heads, 50 tails
What plant did Mendel use for his experiments in heredity?
Peas
What traits did Mendel observe in his pea plants?
Height, Flower color, Seed color, and Seed shape
Can two organisms have the same phenotype but have different genotypes?
Yes
What does the phrase “independent events” mean with regards to probability?
When you toss a coin the outcome of the toss doesn’t affect the outcome of the next toss
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
Copies the genetic code from the DNA and carries the message to the cytoplasm
Explain codominance, how is it different from the usual dominant or recessive phenotypes?
When alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. It is different because both alleles will be expressed in the offspring
