Chapter 2: Cell Structures and Function Flashcards
Topics Covered: o Section 1: Cells and Life o Section 2: The Cell in its Environment o Section 3: Photosynthesis o Section 4: Respiration o Section 5: Cell Division
What is an element?
any substance that cannot be broken down into similar substances
What is an atom?
the smallest unit of all elements
What is a molecule?
the smallest unit of a compound
What is a compound?
when two or more elements combine chemically
What is a carbohydrate?
sugar molecules
What is a lipid?
fats, oils, and waxes
What is a protein?
large organic molecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
What is a nucleic acid?
organic molecules that are very long and are made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
What is DNA?
contains the general genetic material that carries about an organism
What is RNA?
second kind of nucleic acid, and plays an important part in the production of proteins
What is diffusion?
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water molecules through a cell membrane
What is active transport?
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy
What is photosynthesis?
the process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food
What is respiration?
the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
What is fermentation?
a process that provides energy for cells without using oxygen
What is interphase?
The period before division happens and the cell grows and copies DNA to divide
What is mitosis?
The period in which the cell’s nucleus divides into two nuclei
What is cytokensis?
The final stage of the cell cycle and the two daughter cells are exact copies of one another
What are the six elements commonly found in living things?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are daughter cells?
the two new cells left after the original cell divides
What is the role of water in a cell?
dissolves chemicals, chemical reactions can’t take place without water, helps cells keep their shape, keeps cells from changing temperature quickly
What is the difference between an organic and inorganic compound?
Organic compounds contain carbon and inorganic compounds don’t contain carbon
What are examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbs - potatoes, bread, fruits
Lipids - fats, oils, waxes
Proteins - meat, fish, nuts
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
What causes diffusion?
the kinetic energy of the molecules that results in random motion, causing diffusion
What does the term semi-permeable mean?
only certain things are able to pass through
Which part of the cell is semi-permeable?
cell membrane
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
active transport needs energy, passive transport doesn’t
What are transport proteins and what is their role in the cell?
they are proteins found in the cell membrane that pick up molecules outside the cell and carry them in
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO2 + 6H2O Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the difference between the photosynthesis equation and the respiration equation?
Photosynthesis creates the products respiration needs and respiration creates the products photosynthesis needs
What did Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick contribute
Franklin took pictures of DNA, Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
Explain the concept of the “Double Helix”
It is the structure of DNA and is like a twisted ladder
What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA and how they pair?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
A and T
G and C
State the replication process of DNA
it is the process by which the nitrogen bases of DNA split then find their pairs and attach to one another.
