Chapter 5- Gender

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

• the external sex/physical characteristics that are used to define people as male or female
• genitalia most often used, not completely reliable

Question 2

gender expression

Answer 2

• aka gender
• will refer to all the characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerism and other things that we understand as masculine, feminine or androgynous
• most commonly seen through name, pronoun usage, clothing, hair style, behaviour, voice and other body characteristics
• extends beyond labelling things as feminine or masculine
• it is a way in which societies give order and structure to how men, women and people who fall outside these two categories are treated

Question 3

sexual orientation

Answer 3

• who we are emotionally, spiritually, physically, and sexually attracted to
• gay, lesbian, bi, straight

Question 4

gender identity

Answer 4

• is the range of experiences of man, woman, trans or otherwise
• best thought of as a range of identities on a spectrum

Question 5

sexuality/ sexual identity

Answer 5

• all the aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and others understand ourselves as sexual beings
• can include a wide range of factors including dress, personality, body image, variances in sexual interests (i.e., fetishes) and more

Question 6

binary

Answer 6

• one or the other
• ways of thinking is faulty
• varies over the life course

Question 7

Gender-bread person **exam**

Answer 7

• better way to look at gender
• looks at identity, expression, sex, gender, and sexual orientation… all of these things do not determine eachother

Gender identity

• lack of woman-ness to woman-ness
• lack of man-ness to man-ness

Gender expression

• lack of femininity to femininity
• lack of masculinity to masculinity

Anatomical sex

• lack of female-ness to female-ness
• lack of male-ness to male-ness

Sexually attracted to and romantically attracted to

• lack of to woman and/r feminine and/or female people
• lack of to men and/or masculine and/or male people
• Who we are sexually attracted and romantically attracted to not always the same

Question 8

sexual orientation and gender identity are…

Answer 8

• different things!
• a person may identify as transgender and be attracted to any other person
• their gender identity is not based on their sexual orientation

Question 9

Gender development in childhood

Answer 9

• Most children become aware of their assigned sex by about 18 months of age
• By 36 months, most children have acquired a firm sense of gender identity

Three Related Processes

​1. Detecting gender

• recognizing differences between male and female
  2. Having gender
• recognizing in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys
  3. Doing gender
• matching one’s behaviour with male or female stereotypes

Question 10

stereotypes

Answer 10

• fixed, oversimplified, sometimes distorted ideas about a group of people
• Research suggests there are strong and enduring stereotypes about the traits, role behaviours, and physical characteristics of men and women
• for example that men are more independent and women are more communal
• that certain jobs are more appropriate for men than women and vice versa

Question 11

social structural theory

Answer 11

• gender differences from unequal power divisions
• privilege and power embedded in a patriacrchal society

Question 12

gender norms

Answer 12

• norms do NOT doom us to harmful or negative behaviours
• should be recognized as norms, things most people do
• not a strict code of conduct that we must adhere to
• shifting norms can mitigate the negative effects of the harmful aspects

Question 13

Negative effects of traditional norms related to women

Answer 13

• Less likely to become educated on sexual health issues
• Less likely to plan for sex
• More likely to give birth at a young age
• More likely to have an unintended pregnancy
• More likely to use condoms inconsistently
• More likely to have poor condom use skills
• Less able to negotiate safer sex
• More likely to have poor assertive communication skills
• More likely to have a partner that disapproves of safer sex practices
• More likely to experience power imbalances in her romantic relationships
• More likely to leave the decision making, timing, and condition for having sex up to her male partner
• Less likely to have self-efficacy to avoid HIV
• Less likely to enjoy first sexual encounter
• More likely to experience physical and/or sexual abuse in her relationship

Question 14

negative effects of traditional norms related to men

Answer 14

• More likely to have more sexual partners in the last year
• More likely to hold negative attitudes about condoms (associated with low condom use)
• Less likely to report readiness to use condoms consistently
• Less likely to use condoms consistently
• Less likely to access health care
• Less likely to have had a physical examination in the last year
• Less likely to believe in male responsibility to prevent pregnancy
• More likely to believe that pregnancy validates masculinity
• More likely to approve asymmetrical decision-making power with intimate partners
• More likely to have a less intimate relationship at last intercourse
• More likely to have a greater belief that relationships between women and men are adversarial
• More likely to have homophobic attitudes

Question 15

intersex

Answer 15

• umbrella term used to describe people who have sex characteristics that are not exclusively male or female
• Congenital conditions in which anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is atypical - also referred to as intersex variations

Question 16

Individuals whose phenotype did not match a typical male or female pattern used to be mistakenly called

Answer 16

hermaphrodites

Question 17

hermaphrodites

Answer 17

• true ones are bery rare in humans
• most have both male and female reproductive organs
• an outdated term replaced with intersex

Question 18

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 18

• X0
• affects 1 in 2500 females
• missing second X “monosomy”
• women tend to be short, have underdeveloped breasts, are infertile
• most identify as female and intersex

Question 19

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 19

• XXY
• affects 1 in 500 to 1000 males
• undiagnosed until puberty
• males with Klinefelter’s may show breast development, small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone
• many will not identify as male and may seek gender transition

Question 20

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 20

• before birth, exposed to high levels of androgens produced by adrenals
• cause varying degrees of virilization in female genitals
• may be diagnosed at puberty
• may exhibit different interests and behaviours than their peers

Question 21

Androgen insensitivity syndrome / AIS

Answer 21

• XY, but develop a female phenotype
• mutations in the androgen-receptor genes prevent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree

Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS)

• female genitals
• identify as heterosexual

Question 22

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Answer 22

• rare
• cases clustered in the Dominican republic
• enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female
• at puberty –> testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals
• most 5-ARD individuals assume a male identity

Question 23

Penile agenesis

Answer 23

• or cloacal exstrophy
• males that do not develop a penis

Question 24

trans identities

Answer 24

• may express feeling in wrong body
• gender identity may not match physical sex and/or outward appearance
• may identify as trans, gender-queer, or gender non-conforming

Question 25

People who identify as trans may have

Answer 25

• gender non-conforming childhoods
• may hide physical signs of piberty

Question 26

may have attraction to any/all genders

Question 27

Stages of transitioning

Answer 27

1. psychological and physical evaluation
2. living with ideal gender identity
3. hormone replacement therapy (using estrogen to feminize and testosterone to masculinize)
4. sex reassignment surgery