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Human Sexuality > Chapter 3- Sex Research > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Sex Research Flashcards

1
Q

Challenges when studying human sexuality

A
  • Finding a population of participants who are willing to honestly disclose their sexual attitudes and beliefs
  • Finding a representative sample (often use random samples)
  • Finding an appropriate research method
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2
Q

Qualitative research

A
  • research methods that use flexible, open-ended questions to explore sexual issues
  • descriptive methods
  • provides in-depth understanding of a topic
  • surveys, interviews, focus groups –> how or why something occurs
  • ex: Alfred Kinsey primary tool was interviewing
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3
Q

Quantitative research

A
  • research methods that explore sexual issues using statistical methods to test theories or hypotheses
  • numbers
  • In sex research, quantitative tools are often used to represent a population’s attitudes, behaviors and beliefs about topics related to sex.
  • positivist approach

Positivism

  • things are measurable, knowable and quantifiable.
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4
Q

Things quantitative researchers may employ

A

Random sampling:

  • randomly (by chance) sample the population to obtain a representative sample of the population.
  • challenge for sex research because people may not be willing to participate due to religious or cultural stigma related to sex

Response bias

  • any thought processes that might influence how a participant responds in self-report surveys or interviews
  • Participants may report behaviors that are more socially desirable than are actually true. This may occur even when no one is watching.
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5
Q

components of validity

A
  • credibility
  • confirmability
  • dependability
  • trustworthiness
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6
Q

Key concepts to sex research

A
  • Random sampling
  • Response bias: social desirability bias
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7
Q

Social desirability bias

A
  • the tendency to present oneself in the best manner, doing things/answering the way we THINK we should be
  • For instance, participants may underestimate sexual partners on an anonymous survey because they prefer to think of themselves as having few partners
  • this is important because it can heavily influence self-report data. Sex research relies heavily on self-report data to know things like the types of behaviors people are participating in, attitudes and beliefs about topics related to sex, and partner preferences.
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8
Q

Correlational designs

A
  • examine the strength of the relationship between two or more variables
  • weaknesses= findings may be hard to interpret due to confounded variables
  • causation cannot be inferred
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9
Q

ethics

A
  • refers to the rules and standards that guide researchers in advancing the pursuit of knowledge while protecting and respecting research participants in order to try to prevent harmful occurrences
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10
Q

Parts of ethics

A

Safety: do no harm

Benefits > risks

Informed consent

Privacy and confidentiality: agreement to participate in receiving adequate information

Fairness and Equity:

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11
Q

Informed consent

A

Study participants must be fully informed of the true nature of the research, as well as of the risks and benefits associated with the research.

  • Ethical informed consent includes:

1) full disclosure of the risks and benefits of the research

2) understanding the research and being provided the opportunity to ask questions

3) voluntary participation and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time without punishment

4) competence to agree to participate

5) written consent.

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12
Q

Privacy and confidentiality

A
  • The research plan must detail how the privacy and confidentiality of the research participants will be protected
  • This ensures that unauthorized observers will not have access to the information gained from research participants
  • Researchers must ensure that no identifying information from the study participants is provided to unauthorized observers.
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13
Q

Fairness and Equity

A
  • The principle of Justice holds that particular individuals, groups or communities should neither bear an unfair share of the direct burdens of participating in research, nor should they be unfairly excluded from the potential benefits of research participation.
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14
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

A
  • 600 African American Men with syphilis
  • 1932- 1972
  • longest non-therapeutic experiment on human beings
  • Intentionally left untreated to see how the disease would progress
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15
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A
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16
Q

Humphrey’s tea room trade

A
  • PhD Student Laud Humphreys
  • park restrooms as sites for sex, posted as a look out to observe, gained trust of some, collected licence plate information and went to their homes in disguise “to avoid bias” – social benefit?
  • Tea rooms= place men would go to hook up, he would act as a look-out, would get their license plate, go to their homes and interview them
17
Q

Facebook Emotional Contagion Study

A
  • Facebook manipulated peoples newsfeeds to see if they were viewing more positive posts would cause them to make more positive posts
  • If they were viewing negative posts was that making the make more negative posts
18
Q

Thermography

A
  • measures sexual arousal in both men and women
  • uses changes in temperature to assess arousal in the genital region
  • blood flow in both sexes increases temperature.
  • this tool shows great promise in diagnosing sexual arousal problems
  • has also been used for the detection of breast cancer in women.
19
Q

Measures of genital response

A
  • measures an individual’s physiological response to sexual arousal
  • closely linked to the sexual response cycle developed by Masters and Johnson
20
Q

Vaginal photoplethysmogram

A
  • measures vaginal vasocongestion/ blood flow
  • takes genital temperature –> arousal
  • Using a light source and a light detector, this tampon-shaped device illuminates the vaginal walls and measures blood flow
21
Q
A
22
Q

Penile strain gauge

A
  • plethysomography
  • measures penis swelling
23
Q

fMRI

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imagin
  • measures how brain activiy relates to sexual function/dysfunction
  • uses both block and event-related designs
24
Q

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

A
  • 1840-1902
  • claimed that masturbation was the root of all sexual deviance
  • portrayed sexual behaviour as pathological
25
Q

Henry Havlock Ellis

A
  • studied sexual norms in various cultures
  • emphasized variation in sexuality and influence of culture and society
  • masturbation and same gender sex = non-pathologic
  • reported similarity in sexual desire and response among men and women
26
Q

Magnus Hirschfeld

A
  • first advocate for sexual minorities
  • founded Scientific Humanitarian Committee (SHC): focused on gay and transgender rights
  • promote research and education on all sexual matters; in particular to debunk homophobic prejudice and to present a rational case for the decriminalization of homosexuality.
  • “justice through science”
  • Nazi exile –> worked burned
27
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A
  • applied statistics to sex research instead of personal observation
  • Kinsey Institute at Indiana University
  • fostered new level of awareness about diversity of behaviour
28
Q

Interview

A
  • collect an individual’s detailed sexual experience, attitudes, and/or perceptions
  • weaknesses: memory and responder bias
29
Q

Surveys

A
  • collect information about sexuality through standardized or unstandardized questionnaires
  • a large amount of info can be collected inexpensively
  • weaknesses: memory bias and responder bias
30
Q

Kinsey’s Interview-Based appoach

Kinsey’s scale of sexual orientation

A
  • based on both qualitative and quantitiative methods
31
Q

Masters and Johnson

A
  • focus on physiology of sexual response and treatment of sexual dysfunction
  • use of instruments to measure sexual response
  • 1965 –> “Human Sexual Inadequacy” (sex therapy)
  • 1966 –> “Human Sexual Response” (10,000 orgasms)
32
Q

Hite Report

A
  • 1976
  • Shere Hite
  • anecdotal and statistical information from 3000 women
33
Q

Direct observation

A
  • monitoring or recording patterns of sexual or relational behavior
  • provides contextual information
34
Q
A
35
Q

Laser doppler imaging

A
  • projects an infrared light over the skin to detect moving blood cells
  • measures sexual arousal
  • it does not require physical manipulation of the participant’s genitals, making it far less invasive.

Human Sexuality (5 decks)

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