Chapter 5: Finding Answers

Question 1

descriptive hypothesis

Answer 1

x has a, b, c characteristics or behaves in a,b,c way

Question 2

explanatory hypothesis

Answer 2

x exists as a result of a, b, c

Question 3

predictive hypothesis

Answer 3

if x, y is true, z is likely to occur

Question 4

prescriptive hypothesis

Answer 4

in order to achieve x, do or don’t do a, b, c

Question 5

normative hypothesis

Answer 5

x is preferable to y,z and therefore a,b,c should/not be done

Question 6

theory is (5)

Answer 6

1. skeletal version of reality
2. hypothesis that withstood repeated tests and was found to have explanatory power
3. identifies small no. of variables that must be taken into consideration in addressing a question
4. good theory is parsimonious (attempts to explain as much as possible with as little as possible)
5. good theory is generalizable (can be applied to a variety of contexts and settings)

Question 7

types of theory

Answer 7

grand, middle theories = generalizability theory; inductive/deductive theory; empirical, normative, grounded

Question 8

empirical theory can

Answer 8

be answered through DATA

Question 9

grounded theory uses

Answer 9

inductive research strategy, theory produced thru data using emergent process which allows theory to emerge from data

Question 10

inductive theory

Answer 10

theory is outcome of research

Question 11

deductive theory

Answer 11

THEORY GUIDES RESEARCH

Question 12

normative theory

Answer 12

right vs wrong

Question 13

induction

Answer 13

observation - tentative hypothesis - theory - hypothesis

Question 14

deduction

Answer 14

theory - hypothesis - obs - confirmation

Question 15

a hypothesis consists of (3)

Answer 15

independent variable, dependent variable, statement about the relationship between the variables

Question 16

variables are

Answer 16

factors that can change

Question 17

constants

Answer 17

factors not ought to vary

Question 18

variables have at least

Answer 18

2 mutually exclusive characteristics

Question 19

examples of variables

Answer 19

resources abundant or scare, democracy stable/unstable

Question 20

independent variable

Answer 20

a factor thought to influence affect or cause variation in the second type of variable

Question 21

comes before in time and space

Answer 21

independent varibale

Question 22

comes before in time and space

Answer 22

independent variable

Question 23

the outcome we wish to understand is

Answer 23

the dependent variable

Question 24

things that affect relationships between 2 variables

Answer 24

intervening variable

Question 25

produces an interaction effect between IV and DV

Answer 25

moderator variable

Question 26

transmits the effects of IV to DV

Answer 26

mediating variable

Question 27

acts as a conduit, without it the IV would not affect the DP

Answer 27

mediating variable

Question 28

the relationship between variables that produces changes that occur together (positively or negatively)

Answer 28

association (correlation or co-variance)

Question 29

causality between variable

Answer 29

variable A bring about change in variable B

Question 30

proving causality (4)

Answer 30

1. hypothesized cause is prior to effect
2. variables are correlated or co-vary
3. causal mechanism/process links the variables
4. rule out possibility or another 3rd variable prior to both variables

Question 31

deterministic causality

Answer 31

x always causes y

Question 32

probablistic causality

Answer 32

x may caus y

Question 33

concept formation - familiarity

Answer 33

to the everyday man or academic audience

Question 34

concept formation - resonance

Answer 34

how does the term ring, strong words

Question 35

concept formation parsimony

Answer 35

shortness of term

Question 36

concept formation - coherence

Answer 36

logical relation, consistency

Question 37

concept formation - differentiation

Answer 37

how is it diff from other similar concepts

Question 38

concept formation theoretical utility

Answer 38

usefulness within wider field

Question 39

concept formation- field utlity

Answer 39

usefulness within field

Question 40

concept formation (8)

Answer 40

familiarity, resonance, parsimony, coherence, differentiation, depth, theoretical utility, field utility