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APES > Chapter 5 Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Reduction of genetic diversity due to population decrease from CATASTROPHIC EVENT

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2
Q

Founder Effect

A

Reduction of genetic diversity due to population decrease from MIGRATION OF A FEW MEMBERS OF THE POPULATION

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3
Q

Cons of lower diversity

A
  • Less able to adapt to future environmental changes
  • Can lead to decline and extinction
  • Increased risk of disease/low fertility
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4
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Process of selection conducted under HUMAN instruction
- desirable traits bred into next generations
- Bad scenarios: Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

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5
Q

Genetic change/traits must exist _____________ environmental change

A

BEFORE

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6
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Populations are physically separated and evolve into 2 different species

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7
Q

Geographic Isolation

A

Certain groups of the same population become physically isolated for a long period of time

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8
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Two populations change so much that they can no longer produce viable offspring with each other
(No interbreeding)

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9
Q

____________ isolation leads to ____________ isolation

A

Geographic leads to Reproductive

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10
Q

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

A

Copying genes from one species with a desirable trait and inserting it into another

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11
Q

Extinction

A

The disappearance of a species from Earth

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12
Q

______ mass extinctions in history

A

5

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13
Q

Worst mass extinction

A

Permian Extinction
(90% of life destroyed)

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14
Q

Mass Extinction

A

25% of species lost in “short” amount of time (thousands of years)

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15
Q

Endemic species

A

Species that only exist in a certain location
- very susceptible to extinction
- usually have small populations

ex. Kangaroos

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16
Q

Human causes of mass extinction

A

Habitat destruction
Hunting
Over harvesting
Introduction of invasion species

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17
Q

Range of tolerance

A

Abiotic conditions a species can TOLERATE

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18
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Abiotic conditions where a species can grow, survive, and reproduce
(Perfect conditions)

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19
Q

Realized Niche

A

Abiotic/Biotic range of conditions under which a species actually lives

20
Q

Distribution

A

Areas of the world where a species live

21
Q

Niche Specialist

A

Narrow niche
Specific needs
LIMITED COMPETITION
Vulnerable to changing conditions

22
Q

Niche Generalist

A

Broad Niche
Wide array of habitats/resources
Can better adapt to changing conditions

23
Q

Niche overlap

A

Competition

24
Q

Native species

A

Evolved in area, been there for generations

25
Q

Nonnative species

A

Alien or exotic species

26
Q

Good nonnative species

A

Cattle
Chickens
Crops

27
Q

Invasive species

A

Takes over environment, spreads rapidly, sometimes no natural predators

ex. Zebra Mussels

28
Q

Indicator Species

A

Provide early warning of damage to an ecosystem (change in environment)

ex. Frogs, Birds, Butterflies, Trout

29
Q

Keystone Species

A

Play large roles in types and abundance of other species in the ecosystem
- pollinators
- top predators (sea otters in kelp forests)
They have a strong and wide-reaching impact
Removal of the species has a ripple effect

30
Q

Foundation Species

A

Create/enhance habitat which benefits others

ex. Beavers create wetlands with dams

31
Q

Tropic cascade

A

Predators at high tropic levels indirectly affect populations at low trophies levels
- keeps species at intermediate tropic levels in check
- keeps population in check

ex. Loss of wolves = deer takeover

32
Q

Macro evolution (speciation)

A

Bigger changes that lead to the development of new species over time

33
Q

Micro evolution

A

Small changes over time

34
Q

Types of biodiversity

A

Species
Genetic
Ecological
Functional

35
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of species in a give area

36
Q

Species Eveness

A

Relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

37
Q

Intraspscific Competition

A

Members of the same species interact/compete for limited resources

ex. Competing for mates

38
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Members of 2+ species interact/compete for limited resources

39
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Species use different resources or use shared resources in different ways

ex. One species active at night and other active during the day

40
Q

Predation

A

A member of one species feeds directly on another living species (kills and eats)

41
Q

Coevolution

A

Predators and prey interact long enough that a change in the gene pool of one leads to a change in the other

42
Q

Herbivory

A

Animals feed on the tissue of plants

43
Q

Mutualism

A

Interaction between 2 species in which both benefit

ex. Tiny bird cleaning crocodile teeth by eating food off of them

44
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism feeds on another causing harm to the host

45
Q

Commensalism

A

Interaction between 2 species that benefits one and causes no harm to the other

ex. Bird building a nest in a tree

APES (8 decks)

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