Chapter 5 Evolution

Question 1

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 1

Reduction of genetic diversity due to population decrease from CATASTROPHIC EVENT

Question 2

Founder Effect

Answer 2

Reduction of genetic diversity due to population decrease from MIGRATION OF A FEW MEMBERS OF THE POPULATION

Question 3

Cons of lower diversity

Answer 3

• Less able to adapt to future environmental changes
• Can lead to decline and extinction
• Increased risk of disease/low fertility

Question 4

Artificial Selection

Answer 4

Process of selection conducted under HUMAN instruction
- desirable traits bred into next generations
- Bad scenarios: Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

Question 5

Genetic change/traits must exist _____________ environmental change

Answer 5

BEFORE

Question 6

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 6

Populations are physically separated and evolve into 2 different species

Question 7

Geographic Isolation

Answer 7

Certain groups of the same population become physically isolated for a long period of time

Question 8

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 8

Two populations change so much that they can no longer produce viable offspring with each other
(No interbreeding)

Question 9

____________ isolation leads to ____________ isolation

Answer 9

Geographic leads to Reproductive

Question 10

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Answer 10

Copying genes from one species with a desirable trait and inserting it into another

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The disappearance of a species from Earth

Question 12

______ mass extinctions in history

Answer 12

5

Question 13

Worst mass extinction

Answer 13

Permian Extinction
(90% of life destroyed)

Question 14

Mass Extinction

Answer 14

25% of species lost in “short” amount of time (thousands of years)

Question 15

Endemic species

Answer 15

Species that only exist in a certain location
- very susceptible to extinction
- usually have small populations

ex. Kangaroos

Question 16

Human causes of mass extinction

Answer 16

Habitat destruction
Hunting
Over harvesting
Introduction of invasion species

Question 17

Range of tolerance

Answer 17

Abiotic conditions a species can TOLERATE

Question 18

Fundamental Niche

Answer 18

Abiotic conditions where a species can grow, survive, and reproduce
(Perfect conditions)

Question 19

Realized Niche

Answer 19

Abiotic/Biotic range of conditions under which a species actually lives

Question 20

Distribution

Answer 20

Areas of the world where a species live

Question 21

Niche Specialist

Answer 21

Narrow niche
Specific needs
LIMITED COMPETITION
Vulnerable to changing conditions

Question 22

Niche Generalist

Answer 22

Broad Niche
Wide array of habitats/resources
Can better adapt to changing conditions

Question 23

Niche overlap

Answer 23

Competition

Question 24

Native species

Answer 24

Evolved in area, been there for generations

Question 25

Nonnative species

Answer 25

Alien or exotic species

Question 26

Good nonnative species

Answer 26

Cattle Chickens Crops

Question 27

Invasive species

Answer 27

Takes over environment, spreads rapidly, sometimes no natural predators ex. Zebra Mussels

Question 28

Indicator Species

Answer 28

Provide early warning of damage to an ecosystem (change in environment) ex. Frogs, Birds, Butterflies, Trout

Question 29

Keystone Species

Answer 29

Play large roles in types and abundance of other species in the ecosystem - pollinators - top predators (sea otters in kelp forests) They have a strong and wide-reaching impact Removal of the species has a ripple effect

Question 30

Foundation Species

Answer 30

Create/enhance habitat which benefits others ex. Beavers create wetlands with dams

Question 31

Tropic cascade

Answer 31

Predators at high tropic levels indirectly affect populations at low trophies levels - keeps species at intermediate tropic levels in check - keeps population in check ex. Loss of wolves = deer takeover

Question 32

Macro evolution (speciation)

Answer 32

Bigger changes that lead to the development of new species over time

Question 33

Micro evolution

Answer 33

Small changes over time

Question 34

Types of biodiversity

Answer 34

Species Genetic Ecological Functional

Question 35

Species Richness

Answer 35

Number of species in a give area

Question 36

Species Eveness

Answer 36

Relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area

Question 37

Intraspscific Competition

Answer 37

Members of the same species interact/compete for limited resources ex. Competing for mates

Question 38

Interspecific Competition

Answer 38

Members of 2+ species interact/compete for limited resources

Question 39

Resource Partitioning

Answer 39

Species use different resources or use shared resources in different ways ex. One species active at night and other active during the day

Question 40

Predation

Answer 40

A member of one species feeds directly on another living species (kills and eats)

Question 41

Coevolution

Answer 41

Predators and prey interact long enough that a change in the gene pool of one leads to a change in the other

Question 42

Herbivory

Answer 42

Animals feed on the tissue of plants

Question 43

Mutualism

Answer 43

Interaction between 2 species in which both benefit ex. Tiny bird cleaning crocodile teeth by eating food off of them

Question 44

Parasitism

Answer 44

One organism feeds on another causing harm to the host

Question 45

Commensalism

Answer 45

Interaction between 2 species that benefits one and causes no harm to the other ex. Bird building a nest in a tree