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Microbiology > Chapter 5 Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic appendages (motility)

A

-Flagella *10x thicker than bacterial flagella and more complex
*Long, sheathed cylinder w/ regularly spaced hollow microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
-Cilia *shorter and more numerous, up to several thousand
* Found only in a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells
* Function as feeding and filtering as well as movement

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2
Q

Eukaryotic External Boundary layers

A

-Glycocalyx: *Composed of polysacharides
* Outermost boundary
*Forms a slime layer or capsule

-Cell wall: *Found in Fungi and algae
*Rigid and provides structure
*Different chemically than bacterial cell walls ( chitin or cellulose in fungi)

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3
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

-Bi-layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules
-Contains sterols to stabalize
-Selectively permeable layers
-Transports nutrients in and wastes out

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

-Most prominent organelle
-Seperated from cytoplasm by nuclear envolope
-Necleolus *Stains intensly due to its RNA content
* Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage

-Rough ER
*Ribosomes attached to surface
*Proteins held for packaging and transport

-Smooth ER
*Does not contain ribosomes
*Synthesis and storage of non protein molecules

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Stack of flattened disc shaped sacs closley connected to the ER
-ER forms transitional vesicles that are picked up by Golgi
-Golgi adds polysacharides and lipids to the proteins in the transitional vesicles and pinches off condensing vesicles
-Site of protein modification and transport
-Conveyed to Lysosomes or transported as secretory vesicles

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

-Cellular vesicles
-Originates from Golgi apparatus and contains variety of enzymes
-Storage
-Hold enzymes for digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms

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8
Q

Vacuoles

A

-Cellular vesicles
-Membrane bound sacs
-All purpose storage system

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

-Supply bulk of cell
-Divide independently of the cell
-Contain circular strands of DNA
-Bacteria sized ribosomes 70S

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10
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

-Cristae
*Folds on the membrane that hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-Matrix
*holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes and other compounds used in digestion

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11
Q

Location of Ribosomes in Eukaryotic cells

A

-Scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
-Attached to RER
-Inside mitochondria and chloroplasts

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12
Q

Size of Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

-80S
*Combo of 60s and 40S subunits

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

-Anchoring organelles
-Moving RNA and vesicles
-Permitting changes and movement

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14
Q

Three main types of cytoskeletal elements

A

-Actin filaments
*Determine shape of cells surface and vital for locomotion
- Intermediate filaments
*Provide strength and resistance to stress
-Microtubules
*Direct intracellular transport

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15
Q

Macroscopic fungus

A

mushrooms, puggballs and gill fungi

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16
Q

Microscopic fungi

A

-Yeasts
-Molds

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17
Q

Morphology of microscopic fungus

A

-Yeast cells grow round to oval shape and use asexual reproduction

-Hyphae are long threadlike cells on fungus or molds

-Psedohypha: chain of yeast during budding/reproduction

-Dimorphic fungi take either form depending on conditions or temp

18
Q

Heterotrophic

A

-All fungi
-Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates

19
Q

Saphrobes

A

Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

20
Q

Parasites

A

-Live on bodies of living animals or plants

21
Q

Reproduction strategies of fungi

A

-Primary mode is SPORE formation
-Outward growth of existing hyphae
-Fragmentation- separated piece can generate whole new colony

22
Q

Sporangiospores

A

-Asexual spore formation of fungi
-enclosed in a sac like head and release when head ruptures

23
Q

Conidiospores

A

-Asexual spore formation of fungi
-not enclosed and pinch off tip of a fertile hypha

24
Q

Three types of fungal infections are acquired by

A

-Community acquired infections caused by environmental pathogens
-Hospital associated infections caused by fungal pathogens in clinical settings
-Opportunistic infections caused by pathogens infecting already weakened individuals

25
Q

Benefits of fungi

A

-Decomp of matter and returning nutrients to the soil
-association w/ plant roots that increase water and nutrient absorption
-Food flavoring
-Alcohol, beer, wine, and gas that cause bread to rise

26
Q

Protists

A

-Eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues
(Algae and protozoa traditionally combined into Kingdom Protista)

27
Q

Algae

A

-Group of photosynthetic protists
-Widespread inhabitants of fresh and Marine water

28
Q

Primary medical threat of algae

A

-Ingestion of toxins during a red tide

29
Q

Plankton

A

-Type of Algae
-Floating community of microscopic organisms
-Essential role in aquatic food web
-Produce most of earths oxygen

30
Q

Protozoa

A

-Single cells containing all eukaryotic organelles EXCEPT chloroplasts
-Heterotrophic (require food in organic form)
-Organelles can be compared to mouths,digestive systems, reproductive tracts and legs
-about 65,000 species (most are harmless)

31
Q

Free living protozoa

A

-Scavenge dead plants or animal debris
-Graze on live cells of bacteria and algae

32
Q

Parasitic protozoa

A

-Live on fluids of host (plasma and digestive juices)
-May feed on tissues

33
Q

Protozoa locomotion

A

-Pseudopods (false feet and feeding structures)
-Flagella (one to several)
-Cillia (over entire surface of cell)

34
Q

Trophozoite

A

-Motile feeding stage of a protozoa
-Requires ample food and moisture to stay active

35
Q

Cyst

A

-Dormant resting stage of a protozoa
-formed when lack of food or harsh environment
-Important factor for spreading disease

36
Q

Classification of Protozoa based on how they move

A

-Flagella (form cysts and are free living)
-Amoeboid motion ( psudopods, freeliving and not infections)
-Cilia (Most develope cysyts and are free living and harmless)
-No motility Sporozoa (complex life cycles and all are parasitic)

37
Q

Protozoan identification and cultivation

A

-Smeared on a slide w/ or w/out staining
-Identification (size, shape, type, number,presence of special organelles or cysts and number of nuclei)

38
Q

Helminths

A

-Worms
large enough to be seen by naked eye (1mm -25m in length)

39
Q

Two major groups of parasitic helminths

A

-Flatworms
*tape worms and flukes
-Round worms
*Pin worms

40
Q

Worm morphology

A

-reproductive tract is most developed
- primitive digestive, excretory, nervous and muscular systems
-thick cuticles for protection
-mouth glands for breaking don tissue

41
Q
A

Microbiology (10 decks)

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