Chapter 1 Flashcards
Symbiosis
-Mutualism
-Parasitism
-Commensalism
a long-term association between two organisms of different species
-Both partners benefit
-one partner benefits, other is harmed
-one partner benefits, other is unaffected
Aristotle’s theory of “Spontaneous Generation”
Idea that living organisms can spring into existence from non living matter
Who disproved Spontaneous Generation
Pasteur
Robert Hook (1600s)
First observation of microbes
Antonie van Leewenhoek
-Made crude microscope to examine threads
-made drawings of “animalcules” in rain water and teeth scrapings
John Tindall (1870s)
-Proved microbes could be present in dust
_observed bacterial growth can be inhibited (restrained) by Penicillin species
Fernidad Cohn (1800s)
Discovered and described bacterial endospores
Sterile
Free of all life forms
Dr. Wendell Holmes
Observed mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than a hospital
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Showed that women became infected in maternity wards after examinations by physicians working in autopsy rooms and not washing their hands
Joseph Lister
-First to utilize hand washing and misting O.R.’s with antiseptic chemicals
-Techniques became the foundation for modern microbial control still in use today
Pasteur
-Invented pasteurization
-Showed human diseases could rise from infection
Robert Koch
-Established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease
-Linked specific microorganisms with a specific disease
Taxonomy
The science of identifying, classifying, and naming biological species.
Classification
Attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa (categories)
Taxonomic Levels of Classification from most general to most specific
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum (Division)
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
King Phillip Calls Out For Good Soup
Phylogeny
-Taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things
-Based on evolution
What are the three Domains?
-Bacteria
-Archea
-Eukarya
Major groups of microorganisms
-Bacteria -Fungi -Protozoa -Viruses -Prions -Helminths
Protozoa
A group pf single celled eukaryotes. Historically called “One celled animals”
Prions
Pathogenic agents that induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins (prion proteins most found in the brain.
Helminths
Parasitic worms- not technically microorganism as they are multicellular animal whose mature form can be seen by the naked eye
Medical Microbiology
Deals with microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals
Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology
Monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities. Includes USPHS, CDC, WHO
Immunology
-Study of complex web of protective substances and cells produced in response to infection (vaccination, blood testing, allergy)
-Role of immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Industrial Microbiology
-safeguards our food and water.
-Biotechnology
-Microbes used to create amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes and vitamins
Agricultural Microbiology
Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
Environmental Microbiology
Effect of microbes on the Earths diverse habitats
Eukaryotes
-Cell with a true nucleus
-Plants, animals, fungi, algae, protozoans
Prokaryotes/Akaryotes
-Cells that have no nucleus
-Bacteria
-Archaea
Bioremediation
Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
Biotechnology
Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
Genetic Engineering
Manipulates genes of microbes, plants and animals for purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMO’S)
Recombinant DNA Technology
Technique that allows the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and alter DNA
Pathogen
any agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or hilminth that causes disease
Diseases most commonly caused by pathogens
Influenza, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases and tuberculosis
