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Micro : Unit 1 > Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes have a wide variety of _____ and have
evolved to live in numerous → _____

A

shapes ; habitats

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2
Q

Eukaryotes are ___ than bacterial and archaeal cells

A

larger

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells have
membrane compartments in
the form of →

A

organelles

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4
Q

organelles

A

These are internal cell
structures that perform
specific functions for the
cell

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5
Q

Organelles allow for

A

different functions to act
independently from one
another

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6
Q

The large volume of these
cells requires adequate

A

regulation, metabolic
activity, and transport

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cell membrane include a phospholipid bilayer
with a high amount of →

A

sterols

• Cholesterol and ergosterol

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8
Q

These sterol impact the ___ and ____of the
membrane

A

fluidity ; permeability

They can respond to low or high temperature changes
to maintain the membrane

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9
Q

Eukaryotic plasma membranes contain microdomains
(lipid rafts)

A

• Areas that differ in protein and lipid composition
• Thought to help in cellular processes like signal
transduction, viral assembly and release, and →
endocytosis

Membrane also have carbohydrate chains that can form →
glycocalyx

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10
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate chains

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11
Q

What is the most common type of transport
system?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

Some eukaryotic microbes have

A

cell walls

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13
Q

Cell walls of photosynthetic algae have

A

cellulose,
pectin, and silica

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14
Q

Cell walls of fungi consist of

A

chitin and glucan

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15
Q

Protists that form cysts are mode of multiple layers of

A

chitin

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

consists of liquid cytosol and many organelles

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17
Q

cytosol

A

liquid fluid in cell

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

vast network of interconnected filaments
within the cytoplasmic matrix

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

vast network of interconnected filaments
within the cytoplasmic matrix
• Filaments that form the cytoskeleton: microfilaments
(actin), microtubules, intermediate filaments, and
motor proteins
• Play a role in both cell shape and cell movement

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20
Q

Actin filaments

A

small protein filaments

• Scattered within cytoplasmic matrix or organized into
networks and parallel arrays
• Composed of → actin protein
• Involved in cell motion and shape changes

21
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

diverse elements of the
cytoskeleton

• Role in cell is unclear, may play structural role
• Some shown to form→ nuclear lamina
• Others help link cells together to form →tissues

22
Q

Microtubules

A

shaped like thin cylinders and are made of
α- and β- → tubulin
• Help maintain → cell shape
• Involved with microfilaments in cell → movements
• Participate in intracellular transport processes

23
Q

Secretory Endocytic Pathway

A

• Intricate complex of membranous organelles and vesicles
that move materials into the cell from outside, from inside
to outside, and within the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes

24
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membrane network of →
tubules

Functions:
• Transports proteins, lipids, and other materials within
cell
• Major site of cell membrane → synthesis

25
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with → ribosomes
• Involved in protein synthesis

26
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes
• Produces → lipids

27
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

flattened saclike network, packages
materials and prepares them for → secretion

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes that allow this
organelle to perform intracellular digestion of
macromolecules
• Found in → animal cells

• Lysosomes contain hydrolases, enzymes which hydrolyze
(break down) molecules and function best under slightly
acidic conditions
• Maintain an acidic environment by pumping protons
into their interior

There are lysosome like organelles in protists and fungi,
which function in storage in addition to intracellular
digestion

29
Q

Secretory Pathways

A

Process that moves materials like proteins and lipids to
their → proper location

Transport vesicles leave the Golgi with modified and
packaged proteins
• Takes them either to the plasma membrane or outside
of the cell

“Quality assurance mechanism”
• Unfolded or misfolded proteins
are secreted into cytosol,
targeted for destruction by
ubiquitin polypeptides
• Proteasomes destroy targeted
proteins

30
Q

Endocytosis

A

used to bring material → into the cell

• Cells take up material by
enclosing them in vesicles
made from the → plasma
membrane
• Performed by → all
eukaryotes
• Not found in bacteria or
archaea

• Pinocytosis – liquid or small particle intake
• Phagocytosis – large particle intake

31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

liquid or small particle intake

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

large particle intake

involves the formation of pseudopods
from the cell surface that surround and bring in a particle
• Forms a phagosome

33
Q

receptor-mediated
endocytosis is when endocytosis is trigger by the
binding of a molecule called a
___ to a ____

A

ligand ; receptor

Concentrates the ligand before
it is brought into the cell

34
Q

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis

A

clathrin protein-coated pits are used to
internalize hormones, growth factors,
iron, and cholesterol

35
Q

Caveolin-dependent endocytosis

A

may
play role in signal transduction and
transport of small molecules such as
folic acid as well as macromolecules

36
Q

Autophagy

A

lysosomes of
eukaryotes selectively isolate and
destroy bacteria, viruses, aggregated
proteins, and mitochondria
• Helps cell maintain homeostasis or
destroy pathogens that may have
entered the cell by endocytosis

37
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane bound structure that houses
eukaryotic cell genetic material
• Contain one or more chromosomes in the form of →
chromatin

38
Q

chromosomes

A

take the form of chromatin inside the nucleus

39
Q

Chromatin

A

condensed structure of DNA and
proteins wound around→ histones

• Form a nucleosome “beads on a string

40
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the nucleus
• Has an inner and outer lipid bilayer and is continuous
with the → ER

41
Q

Nuclear pores

A

go through the nuclear envelope allow
small molecules to move between the → nucleus and
the cytoplasm

42
Q

Nucleolus

A

found in the center of the nucleus

• Forms ribosomes in eukaryotes
• Directs synthesis and processing of → rRNA
• Directs assembly of rRNA to form partial →
ribosomal subunits
• Ribosomes mature in → cytoplasm

43
Q

Ribosomes are larger in which cell domain?

A

Eukaryotic

80S in size: 60S + 40S subunits
• Found free in the cytoplasm or
bound to → RER
• Still responsible for → protein
synthesis

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

“powerhouse of the
cell” performs metabolic processes that
generates ATP when oxygen is available
to the cell
• Site of tricarboxylic acid cycle activity
• Site where ATP is generated by
electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation

45
Q

Hydrogenosomes

A

• Small energy conservation organelles in
some anaerobic protists
• ATP is generated by fermentation
process rather than respiration
• CO2
, H2
, and acetate are products

46
Q

Plastids

A

organelles of photosynthetic protists and plants

• Most common type are→ chloroplasts

47
Q

chloroplasts

A

• Contain chlorophyll and use energy from sunlight to
change CO2
and water to → carbohydrates and O2

48
Q

Cilia

A

short, hair-like fibers
• Beat like oars through
surrounding fluid, propelling
organisms

49
Q

Flagella

A

long, hair-like fibers
• Beat from base to end,
pushing the cell along

Micro : Unit 1 (8 decks)

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