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Micro : Unit 1 > Chapter 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms

A

are too small to be seen with the naked
eye and require the use of a → microscope
• They can be either unicellular or
multicellular

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

do not have membrane bound
compartments

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

are compartmentalized with membrane
bound organelles and a nucleus

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4
Q

These cell difference led to the five kingdoms, which was
narrowed down to the three →

A

Domains
• Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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5
Q

How we got to the three Domain system:

A
  1. Use of the electron microscope to visualize fine
    structures of cells
  2. Measurement of biochemical and physiological differences
  3. Nucleic acid analysis (especially rRNA!)
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6
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

• Single-celled → prokaryotes
• Have a cell wall that contains → peptidoglycan
• Members of the microbiome, which is found in and on the human body
• Help develop the immune system
• Digest food and produce vitamins in the large intestine
• Some do make you sick and cause → disease

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7
Q

microbiome

A

the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body)

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8
Q

Domain Archaea

A

• Are also single-celled
prokaryotes:
• But…they are set apart from
bacteria by their ribosomal
RNA (rRNA), cell membranes,
and cell walls
• Found in extreme
environments with high
temperatures or high salt

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9
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

• Includes plants, animals, and
microorganisms like protists and fungi

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10
Q

Protists

A

are unicellular and are found in
two groups algae and protozoa

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11
Q

Algae are →

A

photosynthetic

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12
Q

Protozoa are

A

motile and have an
animal-like → metabolism

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13
Q

Fungi are very ___

A

diverse, they range from unicellular
yeasts to multicellular molds and mushrooms

Can form health associations with some organisms
and cause disease in others

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14
Q

How is the metabolism of a fungi beneficial?

A

they are very beneficial in
decomposition, the food industry, and medicines like penicillin

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15
Q

Acellular Infectious Agents include:

A

Viruses, viroids, satellites, and prions

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16
Q

Viruses

A

• Acellular entity that must invade a host cell
in order to → reproduce
• Consist of nucleic acid and a protein coat
• Cause disease in every known organism on
the planet

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17
Q

Viroids

A

• Consist of only → RNA
• Cause plant diseases

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18
Q

Satellites (“helper virus”)

A

• Consist of a nucleic acid inside of a protein shell
• Coinfect with viruses to complete their life cycle

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19
Q

Prions

A

• Made of only → protein
• Cause → encephalopathy
• “Mad cow disease” in cattle and scrapie in sheep
• Can be transmitted to Humans through infected meat
or medical equipment

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20
Q

Theories of the Origin of Life

A

• Earth is estimated to be 4.5-4.6 billion years old
• Life would have been unsupported for the first 100 million years because of harsh conditions
• Meteorite strikes → decreased
• Water appeared along with an
→atmosphere

• Life was present on Earth 3.5-3.8 billion years ago based on → molecular fossils
• It would have had:
• an orderly → structure
• the ability to obtain and use energy
• and → reproduce

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21
Q

Probiont

A

were early cells

• Would have consisted of a single molecule that could do
cellular work and replicate

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22
Q

• RNA can be ____ and act as ____ by forming
bonds between the ____ of proteins
• It can also store, copy, and express ____

A

• RNA can be catalytic and act as ribozymes by forming bonds between the amino acids of proteins
• It can also store, copy, and express genes

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23
Q

Early cells formed when…

A

RNA was taken-up by a lipid vesicle called a liposome

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24
Q

Liposome

A

Lipid vesicles

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25
RNA may have allowed for the formation of
DNA, which is similar structurally with a more stable → structure and ATP may have also formed from RNA since it is a ribonucleotide
26
The evolution of metabolism is based on
• Earth’s atmosphere, which would have been oxygen free and hot when life was forming • Modern Archaea would be a descended based on their ability to metabolize in harsh conditions
27
Atmospheric oxygen would have been formed by the evolution of ______ about 2.7 billion years ago
photosynthesis • Modern cyanobacteria would have descended from these organisms
28
The production of oxygen allowed for the evolution of
aerobic respiration Bacteria that use aerobic respiration became → mitochondria
29
Evolution of the Three Domains
• Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent organism that all three Domains → evolved • Bacteria branch off LUCA, Archaea and Eukarya evolved independently from bacteria • Archaea and Eukarya diverged from one another to form separate Domains IN OTHER WORDS.... ----oldest LUCA 1ST BACTERIA 2ND ARCHAEA AND EUKARYA SPLIT TO BE 3RD AND 4TH ----newest
30
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
• Endosymbiotic hypothesis – energy related organelles became part of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis
31
endosymbiosis
Once independent prokaryotic microbes evolved to live inside of early eukaryotes
32
Bacteria that use aerobic respiration became →
mitochondria
33
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria became →
chloroplasts
34
Both organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain (Tina's note: I think mitochondria and chloroplast are the organelles she was referring to, but if you want to see for yourself its on slide 29)
• Bacteria DNA and → ribosomes • Peptidoglycan is found between the membranes in some organisms
35
For anaerobic bacteria that produce hydrogen gas of CO2 became ______
hydrogenosomes • Found in fermenting protists to make ATP
36
Mutations
have been key to the evolution of cellular microbes • The best mutations allow for better reproduction or survival and are passed on to future generations • This allowed for the formation of new genes and new species
37
Genetic diversity is best in _____
sexually reproducing organisms
38
Bacteria and archaea
• They can share genetic material through → horizontal gene transfer • DNA is transferred from a donor to recipient • Causes antibiotic resistance, new virulence genes, and new metabolic abilities
39
Microbial Taxonomy
the rank-based classification, of bacteria
40
Microbes are named using ________
binomial nomenclature system • The name is Latin and italicized • First part is the genus, which is → capitalized • Second part is the species, which is → lowercase • Ex. Yersinia pestis • Can be abbreviated to → Y. pestis
41
Microbiology came to light with the invention to the →
microscope • From there, pure culture was used to growth bacteria in isolation for study purposes • Today we use molecular and genomic study
42
Robert Hooke
published the first drawings of microorganisms in his book "Micrographia" • Drew the fungus, Mucor • Discussed a prototype for microscopes
43
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
most likely built the prototype that was published by Hooke • Microscope provided dark-field illumination of liquid specimens • Viewed bacteria and Protists
44
spontaneous generation
• The theory of spontaneous generation was a belief that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter
45
Who challenged the theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Francesco Redi • Preformed experiments using rotting meat, which was believed to form maggots spontaneously
46
How did Redi perform his experiment?
• Redi showed by covering or uncovering meat in jars that maggots were formed by flies, and they were not spontaneously generated
47
Who ended the debate over spontaneous generation?
Louise Pasture
48
How did Louise Pasture ended the debate over spontaneous generation?
• He filtered air through cotton and found “plant-like” spores were removed from the air • When put in sterile broth, microbial growth occurred • To prove that the air had no spontaneous generation ability be created a swan-neck flask • Nutrient solution was added into the flask and→ boiled • Air was exposed to the broth, but dust and germs could not get around the neck • Growth only occurred is the neck of the flask was→ broken
49
John Tyndall
• Was able to show that dust carries → germs • Showed that broth remained sterile even if it is exposed to air • Discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacteria
50
Ferdinand Cohn
showed that those heat-resistant bacteria formed → endospores
51
There was a time when disease was thought to be caused by the supernatural, poisonous air, or body imbalance of the four humors _____, ______, ______, and ______.
blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
52
Germ theory of disease states that
microorganisms cause disease
53
How did Pasture use the Germ Theory of Disease to help with the French wine industry?
• Showed that contaminating bacteria was spoiling the wine • Created pasteurization, which killed spoiling microbes but did not harm the wine
54
pasteurization
kills spoiling microbes without harming the microbe's host (milk, wine, etc.)
55
Robert Koch
was able to show relationships between specific microorganisms and a disease • Koch’s Postulates • Worked with Guinea Pigs and Pure culture
56
Steps of Koch's Postulates
1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from health organisms 2. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. The same disease must result when the isolates microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4.The same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host.
57
Koch's Postulates are still used, but they have some downsides. What are these current inconveniences?
• Koch’s postulates are still used but they are not always feasible • Some causative agents, like Mycobacterium leprae, cannot be growth in pure culture • There is no animal model available to test the postulates
58
What is the most common method of Koch’s postulates?
Genetic analysis, study genes associated with virulence.
59
Pasture and Pierre Roux found that if you incubate cultures for long periods of time, they will not be able to
cause disease • Pasture made an attenuated vaccine against → rabies • It was given to a 9-year-old boy that was bitten by a rabid dog
60
Edward Jenner
created a smallpox vaccine with material from cowpox lesions

Micro : Unit 1 (8 decks)

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