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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 5: Epithelial And Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Epithelial And Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

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2
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve tissue

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3
Q

What is the characteristic that makes epithelial tissue cells unique?

A

Cellularity: packed together tightly with little to no intercellular material between them

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue is (blank) meaning blood vessels cannot pass between them

A

Avascular

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5
Q

How do epithelial tissues get blood supply?

A

Osmosis/diffiusion

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6
Q

Epithelial cells can be in these 2 arrangements

A

Sheet-like or clumps

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7
Q

What are sheet like epithelial tissues referred to as?

A

Covering and lining epithelia

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8
Q

What are lumens?

A

Internal spaces within organs

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9
Q

Where are covering and lining epithelia located?

A

Covering body and organ surfaces

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10
Q

Clumps of epithelial cells form what?

A

Glandular epithelia

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11
Q

Glandular epithelia form what?

A

Glands that secrete various products

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12
Q

What are the two major types of glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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13
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete nonhormonal products into body cavities and onto organ surfaces by way of ducts

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14
Q

Ducts are what?

A

Small tubes extending outward from exocrine glands

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15
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones into blood for transport throughout body

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16
Q

Do covering and lining epithelia exhibit polarity?

A

Yes!

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17
Q

What is the exposed/unattached side of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical surface

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18
Q

What is the side of epithelial tissue that is attached to deeper connective tissue?

A

Basal surface

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19
Q

What connects the basal surface of epithelial tissue to connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane

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20
Q

What surfaces of an epithelial cell are connected to other epithelial cells?

A

Lateral surfaces

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21
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

By the number of layers and shape

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22
Q

Single layer of epithelial cells

A

Simple epithelium

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23
Q

Multilayered arrangement of epithelial cells

A

Stratified epithelium

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24
Q

Advantage of simple epithelium? Of stratified?

A

Simple allows for more diffusion/secretion/absorption

Stratified allows for more protection

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25
Q

Name the 4 shapes of epithelial cells

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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26
Q

Epithelial cell that is flat with a thin nucleus

A

Squamous

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27
Q

Epithelial cell that is cube-shaped with centrally located nucleus

A

Cuboidal

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28
Q

Epithelial cell that is tall and narrow with an oval nucleus located near basal surface

A

Columnar

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29
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue changes from round to flat when it is stretched

A

Transitional

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30
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single called exocrine glands in columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucus

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31
Q

Describe the layers in a stratified squamous epithelium arrangement

A

Superficial layers are squamous, deepest layers are cuboidal or columnar

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32
Q

What does keratinized refer to?

A

When the superficial squamous layers of a stratified squamous epithelium tissue is filled with a tough protein called keratin (protective)

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33
Q

How do you identify pseudo stratified epithelial cells?

A

All cells contact the basement membrane; not all cells reach the apical surface

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34
Q

What are the most abundant tissues within the body?

A

Connective tissue

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35
Q

How does connective tissue compare to epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue has fewer cells spaced more widely apart

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36
Q

What is the substance that fills the space between connective tissue cells?

A

Matrix

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37
Q

Matrix is composed of what?

A

Ground substance and protein fibers

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38
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Water based substance containing inorganic and organic compounds

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39
Q

The compounds in what determine if it is hard, gelatinous, fluid or semi fluid?

A

Ground substance

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40
Q

Name the three types of protein fibers found in matrix

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular

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41
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

Composed of collagen; convey strength and flexibility

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42
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

Composed of elastin; convey elasticity

43
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

Composed of collagen; branching fibers that provide internal support for soft tissues

44
Q

Name the two types of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues

45
Q

Name the two types of connective tissue proper

A

Dense and loose connective tissue

46
Q

Describe loose connective tissue

A

Low density of loosely arranged protein fibers that weave in between the cells

47
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

High density of protein fibers that leaves little room for ground substance and cells

48
Q

Name the 5 different types of specialized connective tissue

A

Adipose, reticular, cartilage, bone, blood

49
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

50
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

A large cell capable of movement throughout semifluid ground substance

51
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Protein fibers of the loose matrix and many ground substance molecules

52
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Produce substances to fight infections

53
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Remove unwanted substances by phagocytosis

54
Q

What do elastic fibers look like?

A

Thin dark purple strands

55
Q

What do collagen fibers look like?

A

Thick beige or pink bands

56
Q

Name the 3 types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue, regular type; dense connective tissue, irregular type; elastic tissue

57
Q

What types of connective tissue only contain a high density of collagen fibers?

A

Dense connective tissue regular and irregular types

58
Q

Which type of connective tissue contains a high density of collagen and elastic fibers?

A

Elastic tissue

59
Q

In regular dense connective tissue, the collagen fiber are organized in what manner? How do they appear microscopically?

A

Parallel; organized

60
Q

In irregular dense connective tissue, collagen fibers are arranged how? How do they appear microscopically?

A

In multiple directions; unorganized

61
Q

Elastic tissue is a specialized version of what type of tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue, regular type

62
Q

What makes elastic tissue different from dense connective tissue, regular type?

A

It contains a high density of elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers

63
Q

Adipose tissue is a specialized version of what?

A

Connective tissue

64
Q

What cells are adipose tissue primarily comprised of?

A

Adipocytes

65
Q

What are adipose cells capable of doing?

A

Housing a large volume of lipid molecules within lipid vacuoles located inside the cells

66
Q

Why do adipose cells appear empty

A

The lipid vacuole grows so large that the nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed against the plasma membrane

67
Q

What is reticular tissue dominated by appearance wise?

A

Thin, branching reticular fibers

68
Q

What makes the fibers and ground substance in reticular tissue?

A

Reticular cells

69
Q

Reticular cells are a special type of what?

A

Fibroblast

70
Q

What is the primary function of reticular tissue?

A

To form internal scaffolding that support the structure of some softer organs

71
Q

Epithelial tissue is innervated (true or false)

A

True

72
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A

Cells in process of changing between rounded and flattened shape, which allows organ to expand and contract

73
Q

How to the apical cells of transitional epithelium compare to the basal layer?

A

Apical cells can become flattened during stretching and rounded during relaxation, while basal cells remain rounded

74
Q

What makes cartilage tissue unique?

A

Gelatinous ground substance

75
Q

What does the ground substance of cartilage tissue contain? What characteristics does this give cartilage tissue?

A

Protein (elastic and collagen) fiber matrix give tissue flexibility and resistance to stress

76
Q

Produces ground substance and fibers in cartilage tissue

A

Chondroblasts

77
Q

What are chondrocytes isolated in?

A

Cartilage lacunae “little lakes”

78
Q

Mature chondroblasts are called

A

Chondrocytes

79
Q

Region of cartilage tissue that contains blood vessels; what does it provide?

A

Perichondrium; nourishment for chondrocytes

80
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage tissue

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

81
Q

Large protein-sugar molecules found in ground substance of cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

82
Q

Can you see collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage?

A

No, too much chondroitin sulfate

83
Q

Can you see collagen fibers in fibrocartilage?

A

Yes, thin wavy lines

84
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A

Dense and slightly flexible with bundles of collagen fibers

85
Q

What type of fibers dominate elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic fibers

86
Q

How do elastic fibers appear in elastic cartilage?

A

Thin, dark purple, branching

87
Q

What inorganic salts does bone tissue contain?

A

Calcium phosphate

88
Q

Onion like layers of bone tissue are called?

A

Lamellae

89
Q

Immature bone cells that produce bone’s extra cellular matrix

A

Osteoblasts

90
Q

Cemented osteoblasts are called? What are they now called?

A

Bone lacunae; osteocytes

91
Q

Tiny canals filled with interstitial fluid that interconnect the lacunae

A

Canaliculi

92
Q

Two types of bone

A

Spongey bone and compact bone

93
Q

Thin plates within spongey bone are called what? What is produced in the spaced between?

A

Trabeculae; red bone marrow produces formed elements

94
Q

Repeating cylindrical units within compact bone

A

Osteons

95
Q

What 2 parts does each osteon contain?

A

Central canal surrounded by concentric lacunae

96
Q

What type of extra cellular matrix does blood have?

A

Fluid

97
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective

98
Q

The ground substance of blood is called

A

Plasma

99
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Cellular components of blood

100
Q

Name the formed elements

A

RBC, WBC, platelet

101
Q

Function of RBC

A

Transport respiratory gasses

102
Q

Function of WBC

A

Defensive cells that protect the body

103
Q

What are platelets involved in?

A

Clotting

Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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