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Kinesiology UNIT 2 > Chapter 5: Energy Expenditure and Fatigue > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the substrate metabolism efficiency?

A

substrate energy

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2
Q

What is the percentage of substrate energy for ATP?

A

40%

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3
Q

What is the percentage of substrate energy for heat?

A

60%

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4
Q

heat production increases with what production?

A

energy

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5
Q

how can heat production increase with energy production?

A
  • can be measured in a calorimeter
  • water flows through walls
  • body temperature increases water temperature
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6
Q

What are the Pros for measuring energy expenditure: direct calorimetry?

A
  • accurate over time

- good for resting metabolic measurements

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7
Q

What are the Cons for measuring energy expenditure: direct calorimetry?

A
  • expensive, slow
  • exercise equipment adds extra heat
  • sweat creates errors in measurements
  • not practical or accurate for exercise
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8
Q

In indirect calorimetry, What is estimated total body energy expenditure based on?

A

O2 and CO2 produced

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9
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A

respiratory and gas concentrations

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10
Q

What is indirect calorimetry only accurate for?

A

steady-state oxidative metabolism

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11
Q

For indirect calorimetry, older methods of analysis are accurate but what?

A

slow

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12
Q

For indirect calorimetry, new methods are faster but what?

A

expensice

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13
Q

What does VO2 stand for?

A

volume of oxygen

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14
Q

What does VCO2 stand for?

A

volume of carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Explain VO2: volume of O2 consumed per minute.

A
  • rate O2 consumption

- volume of inspired O2- volume of expired O2

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16
Q

Explain VCO2: volume of CO2 consumed per minute.

A
  • rate CO2 consumption

- volume of expired CO2- volume of inspired CO2

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17
Q

What are the 6 calculations of VO2 and VCO2?

A
  • volume of inspired air (Vi)
  • volume of expired air (Ve)
  • fraction of O2 in inspired air (FiO2)
  • fraction of CO2 in inspired air (FiCO2)
  • fraction of O2 in expired air (FeO2)
  • fraction of CO2 in expired air (FeCO2)
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18
Q

What is the formula for oxygen consumption?

A

VO2= (Vi x FiO2) - (Ve x FeO2)

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19
Q

What is the formula for Carbon Dioxide produced?

A

VCO2= (Ve x FeCO2) - (Vi x FiCO2)

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20
Q

What are the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide equations based on?

A

inspired volume= expired air volume

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21
Q

During Haldane Transformation, V of inspired O2 may not equal what?

A

V of expired CO2

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22
Q

During Haldane Transformation, V of inspired N2 equals what?

A

V of expired N2

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23
Q

Explain the Haldane Transformation.

A
  • allows V of inspired air (unknown) to be directly calculated from V of expired air (known)
  • based on constancy of N2 volumes
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24
Q

During Haldane Transformation, we measure concentration of O2 and CO2 in expired air why?

A

to calculate FeN2

FeN2= 1 - (FeO2 + FeCO2)

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25
Q

What is the SIMPLIFIED equation of Haldane Transformation?

A

VO2= (Ve) x {[1- (FeO2 + FeCO2)] x 0.265 - FeO2}

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26
Q

In the end of Haldane transformation, BTPS (body temperature, current atmospheric pressure, saturated with water vapor) is converted to what?

A

STPD ( standard temp (0degC) & pressure (760 mmHg), dry equivalent

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27
Q

During Respiratory Exchange Rate, explain the O2 usage.

A

O2 usage during metabolism depends on type of fuel being oxidized

  • more carbon atoms in molecule = more O2 needed
  • glucose (C6H12O6) < palmitic acid (C16H32O2)
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28
Q

Explain Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER).

A
  • ratio between rates of CO2 production, O2 usage

- allow to determine what % is energy coming from fat and carbs

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29
Q

What is the equation for RER?

A

RER= VCO2/ VO2

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30
Q

What requires more O2: Fat or Carbs?

A

FAT

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31
Q

What happens to fat and carbs if the intensity is increased?

A

fat decreases and carbs increases

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32
Q

1 liter of O2 equals to how many kcal?

A

5

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33
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Rate of energy use by body

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34
Q

At rest, RER =?

A

0.8

35
Q

At rest Metabolic rate=?

A

2000 kcla/day

36
Q

At rest VO2=?

A

0.3 l/min

37
Q

RER for 1 molecule glucose=?

A

1.0

38
Q

RER for 1 molecule pamitic acid =?

A

0.70

39
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy expenditure at rest

40
Q

What are the conditions to get BMR?

A

in supine position
thermoneutral environment
after 8 h sleep and 12 h fasting

41
Q

What is the minimum energy required for living?

A

BMR

42
Q

What is BMR related to?

A

fat free mass

43
Q

What is BMR affected by?

A

body surface area, age, stress, hormones, body temperature

44
Q

high muscle mass = ________ BMR

A

high

45
Q

Are there any conditions/positions to get RER?

A

no

46
Q

What does total daily metabolic activity include?

A

includes normal daily activities
normal range: 1800 to 3000 kcal/day
for athletes: up to 10,0000 kcla/day

47
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

point at which O2 consumption doesn’t increase with further increase in intensity

48
Q

What is the best single measurement of aerobic fitness?

A

VO2 max

49
Q

T/F: VO2 max is the best predictor of endurance performance

A

false (it’s not)

50
Q

When does VO2 max plateau?

A

after 8 to 12 weeks training

51
Q

T/F: More training allows athlete to compete at higher percentage of VO2max

A

T

52
Q

What is the unit of measurement for VO2 max?

A

L/min

53
Q

What is VO2 max suitable for?

A

non-weight-bearing activities

54
Q

T/F: VO2 max is more accurate comparison for different body sizes

A

T

55
Q

T/F: No activity 100% aerobic or anaerobic

A

T

56
Q

Estimates of anaerobic effort involve?

A

Excess post-exercise O2 consumption (EPOC)

Lactate threshold

57
Q

When does O2 demand become > O2 consumed in early exercise?

A

body incurs O2 deficit
O2 required - O2 cosumed
Occurs when anaerobic pathways used for ATP production

58
Q

When does O2 consumed > O2 demand in early recovery

?

A

Excess post- exercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
Replenishes ATP/PCr stores, converts lactate to glycogen
Replenishes hemo/myoglobin
clears CO2

59
Q

EPOC is greater after high intense exercise: T/F

A

T

60
Q

What is lactate threshold?

A

point at which blood lactate accumulation increase markedly

61
Q

What is lactate threshold expressed as?

A

percentage of VO2max

62
Q

T/F: lactate production rate > lactate clearance rate

A

T

63
Q

Lactate threshold is a good indicator of?

A

potential for endurance exercise

64
Q

Lactate threshold is an interaction of?

A

aerobic and anaerobic systems

65
Q

Lactated accumulation leads to?

A

fatigue

66
Q

T/F: higher lactate threshold = higher sustained exercise

A

T

67
Q

T/F: intensity = better endurance performance

A

T

68
Q

T/F: For two athletes with same VO2max, higher lactate threshold CANNOT predict better performance

A

F (IT CAN)

69
Q

What are some other imperfect but accepted methods to measure anaerobic capacity?

A

maximal accumulated O2 deficit
Wingate Anaerobic test
Critical power test

70
Q

T/F: As athletes become more skilled, use less energy for given pace

A

T

71
Q

T/F: Why do athletes become more skilled, use less energy for given pace?

A

body becomes more efficient with practice

72
Q

T/F: Economy of effort increases with distance of race

A

T

73
Q

T/F: Practice leads to better economy of movement (form)

A

T

74
Q

Energy of effort stays the same with type of exercise (running vs. swimming)

A

T

75
Q

Energy Expenditure varies with ?

A

type and intensity of activity

76
Q

Where is energy expenditure calculated from?

A

VO2 , expressed in kcal/min

77
Q

Energy expenditure ignores anaerobix aspects, EPOC:

T/F

A

T

78
Q

Daily expenditure depends on?

A

activity level

inherent body factors ( age, sex, size, weight, FFM)

79
Q

Energy expenditure: successful endurance athletes depends on?

A

high VO2max
high lactate threshold
high economy of effort
high percentage of type I muscle fibers

80
Q

What are the causes of fatigue?

A

Substrate Depletion
Accumulation of lactic acid and H+
Neuromuscular fatigue

81
Q

What falls under substrate depletion?

A 
creatine phosphate (CP) depletion
glycogen depletion
82
Q

What falls under accumulation of lactic acid and H+?

A

anaerobic activities
the H+ generated by lactic acid decreases muscle pH and impairs the cellular processes of energy production and muscle contraction

83
Q

What is neuromuscular fatigue?

A

neural transmission

CNS

Kinesiology UNIT 2 (4 decks)

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