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Kinesiology UNIT 2 > Chapter 2: Metabolism: Energy Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Metabolism: Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are substrates?

A

nutrients from ingested foods such as CARBS, FATS and PROTEINS

  • these nutrients can be broken down to release stored energy
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2
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

a chemical pathway that convert substrates to usable energy

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3
Q

The energy we derive from food is stored in the cells in the form of what?

A

ATP

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4
Q

How is energy in biological systems measured?

A

kilocalories (KCal)

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5
Q

How much kilocalories is the amount of heat energy needed to raise from 14.5 to 15.5 degree celsius?

A

one kilocalorie

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6
Q

At rest, what does the body use for energy?

A

fat and carbs equally

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7
Q

At short and intense duration what does the body use for energy?

A

mostly carbs

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8
Q

At long and slow duration what does the body use for energy?

A

carbs and fat

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9
Q

What energy source uses little energy but serves as the building blocks for the body’s tissues?

A

protein

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10
Q

True or False. All dietary carbohydrate is ultimately converted to glucose.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

When is carbs used?

A

during aerobic and anaerobic exercise

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12
Q

When is fats used?

A

during aerobic exercise

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13
Q

What is the amount of kcals/g used in carbs?

A

4 kcals/g

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14
Q

What is the amount of kcals/g used in fats?

A

9 kcals/g

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15
Q

When is protein used?

A

5-10% of energy during prolonged exercise

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16
Q

True or False. Body stores of fat are larger than carbohydrate reserves

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What takes more time to breakdown? fat or carbohydrate?

A

FAT

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18
Q

What is carbohydrate converted to?

A

glucose

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19
Q

How is carbohydrate stored?

A

stored as glycogen in both liver and muscle

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20
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in liver?

A

carbohydrate is converted back to glucose

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21
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in liver?

A

used as ATP

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22
Q

How is fat stored?

A

stored as triglycerides

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23
Q

How is fat broken down?

A

broken down into free fatty acids used in metabolism

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24
Q

What is protein converted to?

A

converted into triglycerides

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25
Q

How is protein stored?

A

adipocytes

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26
Q

How is protein broken down?

A

glucose LESS ENERGY

amino acids MORE ENERGY

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27
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons or hydrogen

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28
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons or hydrogen

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29
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

addition of a phosphate

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30
Q

What is the two parts of phosphorylation?

A
  1. substrate level phosphorylation

2. oxidative phosphorylation: ET chain

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31
Q

What does a muscle cell contain?

A
  • sarcoplasm

- mitochondria

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32
Q

Where does metabolism occur?

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

What is anabolic reaction?

A

building energy (REQUIRES)

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34
Q

What is catabolic reaction?

A

breaking down energy (RELEASES)

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35
Q

What is substrate availability?

A
  • mass action effect

- cells will rely on most abundant

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36
Q

What are co-enzymes?

A
  • non protein, vitamins and minerals
  • NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
  • FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
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37
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • proteins
  • biological catalyst
  • remain intact
  • “ase”
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38
Q

What is a biological catalyst?

A
  • speed up reaction

- lowers activation threshold

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39
Q

What is rate-limiting enzyme?

A

SLOWS overall reaction, prevents runway reaction

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40
Q

What is influenced by accumulation of product further down via NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

A

rate-limiting enzyme

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41
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

muscle contraction

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42
Q

What is chemical work?

A

building molecules, cells, structures

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43
Q

What is transport work?

A

moving nutrients & raw materials

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44
Q

In the process of _____, energy in food is used to resynthesize ATP

A

metabolism

45
Q

What is the cells energy currency?

46
Q

What are the 3 pathways in ATP synthesis?

A
  1. ATP PCr system
  2. Glycolytic system
  3. Oxidative system
47
Q

What is the other name for ATP PCr system?

A

phosphgen system

48
Q

Is ATP PCr system anaerobic or aerobic?

49
Q

Is Glycolysis system anaerobic or aerobic?

50
Q

Is Oxidative system anaerobic or aerobic?

51
Q

What is the duration in ATP PCr system?

A

3 to 15 seconds

52
Q

What is the duration in Glycolysis?

A

15s to 2 mins

53
Q

How much ATP is yielded in ATP PCr system?

A

1 mol ATP/ 1 mol PCr

54
Q

What is the rate- limiting enzyme us ysed in ATP-PCr?

A

creatinine kinase

55
Q

Is there a lot of ATP being stored in ATP-PCr system?

56
Q

How is glucose broken down?

A

through glycolysis

57
Q

During glycolysis, what is the substrate used to make ATP?

A

glucose or glycogen

58
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

when you add a phosphate to convert glucose-6-phosphate

59
Q

How can glucose-6-phosphate be stored as?

60
Q

Hows does the pathway START in the Glycolytic system?

A

pathway starts with glucose-6-phosphate

61
Q

How does the pathway END in the Glycolytic system?

A

pathway ends with pyruvic acid

62
Q

How many enzymatic reactions in total is made in the glycolytic system?

A

10-12 enzymatic reactions

63
Q

Which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

64
Q

How many ATP is yielded in the glycolytic system?

A

2 ATP for glucose, 3 ATP for glycogen

65
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme used in the glycolytic system?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

66
Q

What are the CONS in the glycolytic system?

A
  • low ATP yield, inefficient use of substrate
  • lack of O2 converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
  • lactic acid impairs glycolysis, muscle contraction
67
Q

What are the PROS in the glycolytic system?

A
  • allows muscles to contract when O2 is limited

- permits short-term, HIGHER INTENSITY exercise

68
Q

What is the max time you can exercise during glycolysis?

A

~2 min maximal exercise

69
Q

What does glycolysis need for longer durations of exercise?

A

another pathway

70
Q

What does oxidative system use as substrate?

A

glucose and free fatty acids (FFA)

71
Q

How much ATP is yielded in glucose in the oxidative system?

A

32 to 22 ATP/ 1glucose

72
Q

How much ATP is yielded in free fatty acids in the oxidative system?

A

100+ ATP/ 1 FFA

73
Q

What is the duration in Oxidative System?

A

steady supply for hours

74
Q

What is the most complex out of the three bioenergetic systems?

A

Oxidative System

75
Q

Which part of the cell does oxidative system occur?

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

What are the 4 stages of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate–> Acetyl coenzyme A
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain (ETC)
77
Q

During carbohydrate metabolism, if there is oxygen supply that is equal or greaten than the demand of O2, what happens?

A

Pyruvic acid–> acetyl coenzyme A enters Kreb Cycle

78
Q

During carbohydrate metabolism, if there is oxygen supply not equal to the demand of O2, what happens?

A

pyruvic acid–> lactic acid

79
Q

What is the storage form of glucose?

A

1glucose+3H2O

80
Q

What are the two storage sites of glycogen and how is it used?

A

Liver: Maintain blood glucose levels
Muscle: Available to muscle only

81
Q

Give the limited storage of glycogen?

A

<20000 kcals
only ~ 500 kclas in the liver
CHO loading

82
Q

Brain and CNS only use ___________?

83
Q

CHO is used to?

A

re-synthesize ATP

84
Q

CHO is stored as?

85
Q

CHO is converted to ________ and stored as _______?

A

lipogenesis and stored as Fat

86
Q

During the activation stage of glycolysis how much ATP

is used by glucose and glycogen?

A

Glucose uses 2 ATP and

Glycogen uses 1 ATP

87
Q

Give the NET amount of ATP used in glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP (Glucose) / 3 ATP Glycogen via substrate level
    phosphorylation
    -2 NADH + H+
88
Q

How does pyruvic acid from glycolysis transported?

A

In the presence of oxygen

89
Q

From where is the pyruvic acid from glycolysis

is transported to ?

A

across the mitochondrial membrane

90
Q

What is the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted

into?

A

acetyl coenzyme A (end product)

91
Q

What does acetyl coA generate?

A
  • 2 co2 released
  • 2 NADH + H+
  • 2( 2-carbon) Acetyl Coenzyme A
92
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in?

A

mitrochondrial matrix

93
Q

How does citric acid formed?

A

Acetyl coA binds with Oxaloacetate (OAA) to form citric

acid

94
Q

How many steps does krebs cycle consist of?

95
Q

What does krebs cycle end with?

A

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

96
Q

What does each ACoA generate in krebs cycle?

A
  • 1 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
  • 3 NADH + H+ and 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2
97
Q

Where does electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

98
Q

What does NAD and FAD release?

A

hydrogen ions (H+)

99
Q

Electron separated and passed from ________ to _____

A

cytochrome to cytochrome

100
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor?

101
Q

What does oxygen ( terminal electron acceptor) bind

with?

A

H+ to form H2O

102
Q

In Oxidative Phosphorylation, how much NET ATP is re-synthesized for each NADH?

103
Q

For each FADH how much NET ATP is re-synthesized?

104
Q

To cross the mitochondrial membrane what does 2NADH + H+ has to pass?

A

H+ to either NADH or FADH, 2.5 ATP

105
Q

How much ATP is released via glycolysis?

A

5 (2 NADH + H+)

106
Q

How much ATP is released by 2 Pyruvate-2 ACoA?

A

5 (2 NADH + H+)

107
Q

How much ATP is released via Krebs Cycle? illustrate

how?

A 
18
2 (3 NADh + H+) = 6 NADH =15 ATP
2 (1 FADH2)        = 2 FADH2=3 ATP
108
Q

What is total amount of ATP formed in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

109
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in krebs cycle?

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Kinesiology UNIT 2 (4 decks)

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