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Kinesiology UNIT 2 > Chapter 4: Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Hormone Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two communication systems?

A
  1. nervous system 2. endocrine system
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2
Q

What type of communication system is the nervous system?

A

electrical communication

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3
Q

What type of communication system is the endocrine system?

A

chemical communication

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4
Q

What system is slower responding, longer lasting than nervous system?

A

the endocrine system

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5
Q

how is homeostasis being maintained?

A

via hormones

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6
Q

What are the two things homeostasis is responsible for?

A

– that control and regulate cell/organ activity

– Act on target cells

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7
Q

What does the endocrine system coordinate?

A

integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise

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8
Q

What are the two things homeostasis is responsible for during EXERCISE?

A
  • Controls substrate metabolism

– Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance

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9
Q

Does endocrine glands have ducts or no?

A

endocrine glands are DUCTLESS

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10
Q

In which space are products (hormones) secreted at?

A

extracellular space

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11
Q

Where does the hormones diffuse into when it is inside the endocrine glands?

A

it goes into the bloodstream and travel in the blood to their specific target organs

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12
Q

Why are receptors are only specific to hormones?

A

Receptors are specific to hormones such that only the correct hormone will fit in the correct receptor

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13
Q

How much specific receptors does each cell have?

A

Each cell has 2,000 to 10,000 specific receptors

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14
Q

Name the organs involved in the endocrine system.

A
  • hypothalamus - pituitary gland - thyroid and parathyroid gland - thymus gland - adrenal glands - pancreas - ovaries - testes
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15
Q

Explain the two main way of hormone regulation.

A
  • Secreted in bursts (pulsatile) - Secretion regulated by negative feedback
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16
Q

Explain more what it means when hormones are “secreted in bursts (pulsatile)”

A
  • Plasma concentrations fluctuate over minutes/hours – Concentrations also fluctuate over days/weeks
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17
Q

Explain more what it means when hormones when “secretion is regulated by negative feedback

A
  • Hormone release causes change in body – High levels DECREASE secretion – Low level INCREASE secretion – Example: home thermostat
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18
Q

True or False. Hormones limit scope of their effects by using hormone-specific receptors

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Hormones are classified into how many types and what are those types?

A

2; steroid and nonsteriod

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20
Q

From where are steroid hormones derived?

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid soluble or not?

A

yes

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22
Q

True or false: Steroid hormones cannot diffuse through membranes

A

false

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23
Q

What are the major glands involved in steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal cortex ( cortisol, aldosterone) Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone) Testes (testosterone) Placenta (estrogen, progesterone) ATPO (acronym)

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24
Q

how does direct gene activation occur?

A

by diffusing through cell membrane and binding with receptors inside cell

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25
Q

Explain steps involved in the action of a steroid hormone

A

a). The steroid hormone enters a cell b). The hormone binds to a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus c). The hormone-receptor complex activates the cell’s DNA, which forms mRNA d). The mRNA leaves the nucleus e). The mRNA directs protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

How many groups is non-steroid hormones divided into and what are they?

A

2; protein/peptide hormones amino-acid derived hormones

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27
Q

Where is protein/peptide hormones secreted from?

A

pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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28
Q

What are hormones secreted by amino acid derived hormones?

A

thyroid hormones (T3, T4) adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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29
Q

what are the hormones secreted by protein/peptide hormones?

A

most nonsteriod hormones

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30
Q

true/false: Nonsteroid hormones are not lipid soluble and cannot cross cell membrane

A

true

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31
Q

Where are the receptors located in the non-steroid hormone?

A

cell membrane

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32
Q

binding triggers a series of reactions that lead to the formation of _______________

A

second messenger

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33
Q

What does the second messenger do?

A

carry out hormone effect intensify strength of hormone signal

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34
Q

What is the common second messengers?

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) inositol triphosphate (IP3) diacylglycerol (DAG)

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35
Q

No receptors = what?

A

no hormone effect

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36
Q

when hormone binds to receptor it does what?

A

goes to hormone-receptor complex

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37
Q

Explain the action of a nonsteroid hormone

A

a. nonsteroid hormones can’t pass through the cell membrane.
b. the hormone binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane.
c. the hormone- receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase within the cell
d. the adenylane cyclase forms cAMP.
e. the cAMP activates protein kinases (enzymes) that lead to cellular changes and hormonal effects.

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38
Q

during hormonal regulation, what happens to hormones in plasma levels?

A

hormones fluctuate

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39
Q

during hormonal regulation, secretion is regulated by what?

A

negative feedback system

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40
Q

during hormonal regulation, how does cells alter their number of hormone receptors?

A

via down- regulation or up- regulation

41
Q

What is down-regulation?

A
  • DECREASE in number of CELL RECEPTORS
  • LESS hormone can bind to the cell and HIGHER concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma
42
Q

What is up-regulation?

A
  • INCREASE in number of CELL RECEPTORS
  • MORE hormone can bind to the cell and LOWER concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma
43
Q

What are the major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation during exercise?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
44
Q

During exercise, hormones released by anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland and pancreas affects metabolism of what two things?

A

carbohydrate and fat

45
Q

What is the “master gland”?

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the part of the brain that is just above the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

What is does the hypothalumus do regarding hormones?

A

it controls the release of PITUITARY hormones via various “releasing” hormones

48
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

a marble size gland located at the base of the brain

49
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland responsible for? (What hormones?)

A

growth hormone (GH)

prolactin (PRL)

50
Q

What are the 4 “effector” hormones?

A
  1. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
  3. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. leutinizing hormone
51
Q

What cells are growth hormones responsible for?

A

ALL cells

52
Q

What is prolactin responsible for?

A

breasts

53
Q

What is TSH responsible for?

A

thyroid (t3 and t4)

54
Q

What is ACTH responsible for?

A

adrenal cortex (mineralocorticoids, gluoocorticoids, gonadocorticoids)

55
Q

What are FSH and LH responsible for?

A

ovaries and testes (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)

56
Q

What is anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone

57
Q

What does the potenet anabolic hormone do?

A
  • builds tissues, organs
  • promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
  • stimulates fat metabolism
58
Q

during the regulation of anterior pituitary, what happens?

A
  • hypothalamus releases growth hormone- releasing hormone (controls GH release)
  • stimulates release of GH from the anterior pituitary
59
Q

is GH release proportional to exercise intensity?

A

yes

60
Q

what happens to the levels of GH during aerobic exercise?

A

levels are ELEVATED during AEROBIC exercise in proportion to exercise INTENSITY

61
Q

what happens to the levels of GH during strength training?

A

levels ELEVATED SOMEWHAT during strength training, BUT HIGHER 8-24 hours post workout

62
Q

T3 and T4 lead to increase in?

A

Metabolic rate of all tissues

Protein synthesis

Number and size of mitochondria

Glucose uptake by cells

Rate of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis

lipolysis (FFA mobilization)

63
Q

How is thyroid gland regulated?

A

Hypothlamus produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin also called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) whcih travels to thyroid and stimulates release of t3 and t4

64
Q

What happens to TSH during exercise?

A

Increases

65
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

top of each kidney

66
Q

What are the parts of adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex; the outer part

adrenal edulla; the inner part

67
Q

Which hormones are necessary for life out of these two: adrenal cortex or adrenal medulla?

A

adrenal cortex

68
Q

From where does the adrenal medulla recieves input from?

A

SNS

69
Q

What hormones are released by adrenal medulla?

A

catecholamines (fight or flight)

epinephrine 80%

norepinephrine 20%

70
Q

What triggers the release of catecholamines?

A

increase exercise leads to increase SNS stimulation which leads to increase release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

71
Q

What increases with release of catecholamine?

A

heart rate, contractility, blood pressure

metabolic rate, respiration

Glycogenolysis, lipolysis

vasodilation to skeletal muscle

72
Q

What does adrenal cortex release?

A

corticosteroids

73
Q

Give the types of corticosteroids?

A

glucocorticoids

mineralocorticoids

sex hormones

74
Q

What are the subtypes of glucocorticoids and what are its function?

A
  • Hydrocortisone: it is the cortisol that helps to regulate metabolism of fat, protein, and CHO. Also hels regulate BP and CV function
  • Corticosterone: works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions
75
Q

What is the subtype of mineralocorticoids and its function?

A

aldosterone: maintains balance of salt and water & helps control blood prssure

76
Q

What is the major form of glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

77
Q

true/flase: cortisol helps to increase glucose utilization

A

false: it decreases

78
Q

true/false: cortisol helps to increase protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and FFA mobilization

A

true

79
Q

true/false: cortisol is anti-inflammatory and immunosupressant

A

true

80
Q

What produces corticotrophin relesing hormone (CRH)?

A

hypothalamus

81
Q

What provides major control over plasma glucose concentrations?

A

insulin and glucagon

82
Q

What lowers blood glucose level?

A

insulin

83
Q

What raises blood glucose level?

A

glucagon

84
Q

true/false: insulin counters hyperglycemia and opposes glucagon

A

true

85
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

A
  • increase transport into cells
  • increase synthesis of glycogen, protein, fat
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis
86
Q

Does glucagon counter hypoglycemia and oppose insulin?

A

yes

87
Q

How does glucagon raise blood glucose level?

A

by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

88
Q

What is this process called?

glycogen ——–> glucose

A

glycogenolysis

89
Q

What is this process called?

protein ——> glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

90
Q

What happens during regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during exercise?

A
  • glucose must be available to tissues
  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
91
Q

What are the hormones that increases circulating glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • cortisol
92
Q

What increases protein catabolism and makes amino acids available for gluconeogenesis?

A

cortisol

93
Q

What enables glucose uptake in muscle?

A

insulin

94
Q

What is uptaken by the muscls during exercise?

A

glucose

95
Q

What happens to level of glucose during execise?

A

stays the same

96
Q

What happens to the level of insulin concentration during exercise?

A

decreases

97
Q

What happens to CELLULAR insulin sensitivity?

A

increases

98
Q

Lipolysis is stimulated by?

A
  • decreased insulin
  • epinephrine/norepinephrine
  • cortisol
  • GH
99
Q

lipolysis is stimulated via?

A

lipase

Kinesiology UNIT 2 (4 decks)

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