Chapter 5 - Electrons And Bonding

Question 1

What are shells regard as?

Answer 1

Are energy levels. The energy increases a the shell number increases.

Question 2

What are shells made up of?

Answer 2

Atomic orbitals which can contain a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins

Question 3

What can an electron be referred as?

Answer 3

Can be though of as a negative-charge cloud

Question 4

What type of orbitals are there?

Answer 4

• s
• p
• d
• f

Question 5

Describe a s-orbital

Answer 5

Electron cloud is in a shape of a sphere. Each shell from n = 1 contains 1 s-orbital. The greater the shell number, the greater the radius of its s-orbital

Question 6

Describe a p-orbital

Answer 6

Shape of a dumb-bell. There are three separate p-orbitals at right angles to one another. Each shell from n = 2 contains three p-orbitals. The greater the shell number, the further the p-orbital is from the nucleus.

Question 7

Describe a d-orbital

Answer 7

More complex then the rest. Each shell from n = 3 contains five d-orbitals.

Question 8

Describe a f-orbital

Answer 8

More complex. Each shell from n = 3 contains seven f-orbitals

Question 9

What are sub-shells?

Answer 9

A group of orbitals of the same type within a shell

Question 10

What is the order of the shells and the orbitals in them?

Answer 10

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p

This is how you would write it. But when filling the orbitals the 4s and the 4p is filled before the 3d

Question 11

What is the electron configuration?

Answer 11

A short hand representation that shows how electrons occupy sub-shells

Question 12

Define ionic bonding

Answer 12

Is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions held together in an ionic compound by the bonds between the cations and anions

Non-metal + metal -> product

Question 13

What are the properties of an ionic bonding?

Answer 13

• high melting point - a lot of energy is needed to required to overcome the electrostatic attraction
• solubility - soluble in polar solution. However if too high of attraction between the ions it will not be soluble in water.
• electrical conductivity only in molten as in solid the delocalised electrons are not free to move around in the ionic compound.

Question 14

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 14

Are formed when atoms share electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms. Only happened with non-metals. Can be a single, trouble, triple bonds

Question 15

A covalent bond is localised. What does that mean?

Answer 15

Attraction is acting between a pit of shared electrons and the nuclei if the bonded atoms. Can be called a molecule.

Question 16

What is a lone pair?

Answer 16

Paired electrons which are not shared represent as •• in displayed formula.

Question 17

What is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 17

Atoms sharing 2 electrons which have both come from the just 1 atom. Those two electrons where originally line ours.

Question 18

What else can a dative covalent bond be called?

Answer 18

Coordinate bond