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OCR A A-Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is important to remember about all organic compounds?

A

They all contain carbon atoms

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2
Q

Why is carbon so important, especially in organic chemistry?

A

It forms chains easily

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3
Q

What does catenation mean?

A

Forming chains

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound only containing hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

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6
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon bonds with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains multiple carbon-carbon bonds with less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

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8
Q

What do consecutive embers of a homologous series differ by?

A

A CH2 group

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9
Q

What are the three important important homologous series?

A

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

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10
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are saturated and have only single carbon-carbon bonds

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have double carbon-carbon bonds

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12
Q

What are alkynes?

A

Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have triple carbon-carbon bonds

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13
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The part of the organic molecule that gives the homologous series its characteristic reactions or properties

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14
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms linked in a straight chain, a branched chain or non-aromatic rings

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15
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon atoms are joined in a ring

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16
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring

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17
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

A fragment of the molecule with the general formula Cn H2n+1

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18
Q

What does the stem of a chemical name indicate?

A

The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain

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19
Q

What does the prefix of a chemical name indicate?

A

The main functional group, which tells you which homologous series the molecule is in

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20
Q

Describe the process of naming alkanes

A

1) All alkanes will have the suffix -ane
2) Identify the longest carbon chain
3) Identify any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain
4) Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show their position on the carbon chain

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21
Q

If there is more than one identical side chain or group, what should you use?

A

Di- or tri-

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22
Q

How many carbon atoms are in methane?

A

1

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23
Q

How many carbon atoms are in ethane?

A

2

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24
Q

How many carbon atoms are in propane?

A

3

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25
Q

How many carbon atoms are in butane?

A

4

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26
Q

Formula of methane

A

CH4

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27
Q

Formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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28
Q

What is the methyl alkyl group?

A

CH3

29
Q

What is the ethyl alkyl group?

A

C2H5

30
Q

What is the propyl alkyl group?

A

C3H7

31
Q

What’s the suffix for alkane?

A

-ane

32
Q

What’s the suffix for alcohol?

A

-ol

33
Q

What’s the prefix for haloakane?

A 
Cl = chloro
Br = bromo 
I = iodo
34
Q

What’s the suffix for aldehyde?

A

-al

35
Q

What’s the suffix for ketone?

A

-one

36
Q

What’s the suffix for carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

37
Q

What’s the suffix for Ester?

A

-oate

38
Q

What’s the suffix for acyl chloride?

A

-oyl chloride

39
Q

What’s the suffix for amine?

A

Amine

40
Q

What’s the suffix for nitrile?

A

-nitrile

41
Q

What’s the functional group for alkene?

A

C - - C

42
Q

What’s the functional group for alcohol?

A

-OH

43
Q

What’s the functional group for haloalkane?

A

-CHO

44
Q

What’s the functional group for ketone?

A

-C(CO)C-

45
Q

What’s the functional group for carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

46
Q

What’s the functional group for Ester?

A

-COOC-

47
Q

What’s the functional group for acyl chloride?

A

-COCl

48
Q

What’s the functional group for amine?

A

-NH2

49
Q

What’s the functional group for nitrile?

A

-CN

50
Q

What does the molecular formula show?

A

Shows the number and types of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Doesn’t show how the atoms are joined together

51
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

52
Q

What is the general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous Logus series

53
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

54
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Related positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bond between them

55
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

Simplified organic formula with all (implied) hydrogens atoms removed from the alkyl group leaving just the carbon skeleton and associating functional groups

56
Q

What is the structural isomer?

A

Compounds with a small molecule formula but different structural formula

57
Q

What are the types of bond fission?

A

Homolytic fission / heterolytic fission

58
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons in from the bond. Therefore has a radical.

59
Q

What is a radical?

A

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron which are intermediates

60
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

Short lived species generated and consumed in a chemical reaction

61
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When a convenient phone breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond.

The atom which takes both electrons become a negative ion.
The atom which doesn’t take both becomes a positive ion.

62
Q

What is an organic reaction mechanism?

A

Sequence of bond breaking and bond making steps as to the path taken by electrons during a reaction

63
Q

What does an organic reaction mechanism use?

A

Curly arrows are used to show movement of electrons

64
Q

What does a double headed curly arrow show?

A

Movement of pairs of electrons

65
Q

What does the single headed arrow show?

A

Moving of single electrons

66
Q

What are the three types of reactions?

A

Addition
Substitution
Elimination

67
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

The two reactants join to form one product

68
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction in which an atom or group is replaced by a different atom or group

69
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

Removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.

OCR A A-Level Chemistry (28 decks)

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