Chapter 11 - Basic Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is important to remember about all organic compounds?
They all contain carbon atoms
Why is carbon so important, especially in organic chemistry?
It forms chains easily
What does catenation mean?
Forming chains
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound only containing hydrogen and carbon
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon containing only single carbon bonds with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Contains multiple carbon-carbon bonds with less than the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms
What do consecutive embers of a homologous series differ by?
A CH2 group
What are the three important important homologous series?
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
What are alkanes?
Organic hydrocarbons that are saturated and have only single carbon-carbon bonds
What are alkenes?
Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have double carbon-carbon bonds
What are alkynes?
Organic hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and have triple carbon-carbon bonds
What is a functional group?
The part of the organic molecule that gives the homologous series its characteristic reactions or properties
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Carbon atoms linked in a straight chain, a branched chain or non-aromatic rings
What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?
Carbon atoms are joined in a ring
What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring
What is an alkyl group?
A fragment of the molecule with the general formula Cn H2n+1
What does the stem of a chemical name indicate?
The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain
What does the prefix of a chemical name indicate?
The main functional group, which tells you which homologous series the molecule is in
Describe the process of naming alkanes
1) All alkanes will have the suffix -ane
2) Identify the longest carbon chain
3) Identify any alkyl groups attached to the carbon chain
4) Add numbers before any alkyl groups to show their position on the carbon chain
If there is more than one identical side chain or group, what should you use?
Di- or tri-
How many carbon atoms are in methane?
1
How many carbon atoms are in ethane?
2
How many carbon atoms are in propane?
3
How many carbon atoms are in butane?
4
Formula of methane
CH4
Formula of ethane
C2H6
What is the methyl alkyl group?
CH3
What is the ethyl alkyl group?
C2H5
What is the propyl alkyl group?
C3H7
What’s the suffix for alkane?
-ane
What’s the suffix for alcohol?
-ol
What’s the prefix for haloakane?
Cl = chloro Br = bromo I = iodo
What’s the suffix for aldehyde?
-al
What’s the suffix for ketone?
-one
What’s the suffix for carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What’s the suffix for Ester?
-oate
What’s the suffix for acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
What’s the suffix for amine?
Amine
What’s the suffix for nitrile?
-nitrile
What’s the functional group for alkene?
C - - C
What’s the functional group for alcohol?
-OH
What’s the functional group for haloalkane?
-CHO
What’s the functional group for ketone?
-C(CO)C-
What’s the functional group for carboxylic acid?
-COOH
What’s the functional group for Ester?
-COOC-
What’s the functional group for acyl chloride?
-COCl
What’s the functional group for amine?
-NH2
What’s the functional group for nitrile?
-CN
What does the molecular formula show?
Shows the number and types of atoms of each element present in a molecule
Doesn’t show how the atoms are joined together
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
What is the general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous Logus series
What is the structural formula?
The minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
What is the displayed formula?
Related positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bond between them
What is a skeletal formula?
Simplified organic formula with all (implied) hydrogens atoms removed from the alkyl group leaving just the carbon skeleton and associating functional groups
What is the structural isomer?
Compounds with a small molecule formula but different structural formula
What are the types of bond fission?
Homolytic fission / heterolytic fission
What is homolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons in from the bond. Therefore has a radical.
What is a radical?
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron which are intermediates
What is an intermediate?
Short lived species generated and consumed in a chemical reaction
What is heterolytic fission?
When a convenient phone breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond.
The atom which takes both electrons become a negative ion.
The atom which doesn’t take both becomes a positive ion.
What is an organic reaction mechanism?
Sequence of bond breaking and bond making steps as to the path taken by electrons during a reaction
What does an organic reaction mechanism use?
Curly arrows are used to show movement of electrons
What does a double headed curly arrow show?
Movement of pairs of electrons
What does the single headed arrow show?
Moving of single electrons
What are the three types of reactions?
Addition
Substitution
Elimination
What is an addition reaction?
The two reactants join to form one product
What is a substitution reaction?
A reaction in which an atom or group is replaced by a different atom or group
What is an elimination reaction?
Removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
