chapter 5 electrons and bonding

Question 1

what is shell number/energy level number called?

Answer 1

principle quantum number

Question 2

what is an atomic orbital?

Answer 2

a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins

Question 3

what is the shape of an s-orbital?

Answer 3

a sphere

Question 4

what is the shape of a p-orbital?

Answer 4

a dumbbell

Question 5

how many electrons can be on the p-sub shell?

Answer 5

6 electrons (3 orbitals)

Question 6

how many electrons can be on the d-sub shell?

Answer 6

10 electrons (5 orbitals)

Question 7

how many electrons can be on the f-sub shell?

Answer 7

14 electrons (7orbitals)

Question 8

what is the anomaly in sub shell filling?

Answer 8

the 3d sub shell has a higher energy level than the 4s sub shell so the 4s fills first

Question 9

How are orbitals in the same sub shell filled?

Answer 9

one electron fills each orbital before multiple in the same one to reduce repulsion

Question 10

what is the definition of ionic bonding?

Answer 10

the electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions

Question 11

How are dot and cross diagrams drawn for ionic bonding?

Answer 11

arrow depicting electron jumping from metal to non metal then products in brackets to show charge

Question 12

what is a giant ionic lattice?

Answer 12

a 3D structure of oppositely charged ions bonded together by strong ionic bonds

Question 13

what are the trends in melting/boiling point for ionic compounds?

Answer 13

ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions so therefore they require lots of energy to overcome resulting in high mp/bp

Question 14

what are the trends in solubility in ionic compounds?

Answer 14

many ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents e.g. water because the polar molecules break down the lattice structure. however if a compound has ions with high charges the attraction may be too strong for some polar solvents to break down.

Question 15

what are the 2 main processes for solubility?

Answer 15

ionic lattice must be broken down and water molecules must attract and surround the ions

Question 16

what are the trends in electrical conductivity in ionic compounds?

Answer 16

when in solid form they don’t conduct electricity because ions are in fixed positions so cannot move to carry charge. however in molten or aqueous forms ionic compounds do conduct electricity as the lattice breaks down allowing ions to now move carrying charge.

Question 17

what is the definition of covalent bonding?

Answer 17

the strong electrostatic force of attraction between a shared pair of bonding electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.

Question 18

How do you draw covalent dot and cross diagrams?

Answer 18

electrons being shared between atoms

Question 19

what electrons react during covalent bonds?

Answer 19

only the outer electrons

Question 20

when does expansion of the octet become possible?

Answer 20

from n=3 (period 3 of the periodic table) when the d sub shell becomes available

Question 21

what is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 21

covalent bond where both electrons in the shared pair are supplied by just one bonding atom

Question 22

what does average bond enthalpy measure?

Answer 22

the strength of a covalent bond (larger the value = stronger the covalent bond)