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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 5- Development and Plasticity of the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Development and Plasticity of the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Central Nervous system begins to form when the embryo is how old?

A

2 weeks

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2
Q

Brain weight at Birth

A

350 grams

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3
Q

Brain weight a 1 year

A

1,000 grams

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4
Q

Brain weight as an adult

A

1,200- 1,400 grams

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5
Q

Correct pattern of development of neurons ?

A

Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, Myelination, Synaptogenesis

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6
Q

What is Proliferation?

A

Production of new cells.

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7
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

Cells that remain where they are, continuing to divide

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8
Q

What is Migration?

A

movement of cells after they have differentiated as neurons of glia , some migrate much faster than others

migration is guided by immunoglobins and chemokines

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9
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

process whereby neuron forms its axons and dendrites…axons grow first

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10
Q

What is Myelination?

A

process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission

myelin forms first in the spinal cord and then in the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain and continues gradually for decades

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11
Q

What is Synaptogenesis?

A

formation of synapses. Begins before birth and continues throughout life

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12
Q

Can the adult vertebrate brain generate new neurons?

A

Only olfactory receptors and stem cells,

stem cells in interior of brain sometimes divide and create “ daughter” cells that migrate to olfactory bulb and transform inso glia or neurons

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13
Q

According to carbon dating, the human brain forms ____ new neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

few or none

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14
Q

How do axons find their targets with such precision?

A

they follow path of cells-surface molecules, attracted by some chemicals, repelled by others

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15
Q

What is Neural Darwinism?

A

as nervous system develops, we start with more neurons and synapses than we keep.

Axons make trial connections with many postsynaptic cells, and then each postsynaptic cell strengthens some synapses and eliminates others

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16
Q

Rita Levi- Montalcini discovered…

A

that muscles do not determine how many axons form, they determine how many survive

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17
Q

A neuron’s “ suicide program” is called

A

Apoptosis and is a programmed mechanism of cell death. Occurs if an axon does not make contact with an appropriate postsynaptic cell by a certain age

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18
Q

When a neuron forms synapse onto a muscle, muscle delivers a protein called

A

Nerve Growth Factor ( NGF)- which promotes survival and growth of axon

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19
Q

How does the CNS match the number of incoming axons to the number of receiving cells?

A

By the brain overproducing neurons and then applying apoptosis

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20
Q

What is a neurotrophin?

A

chemical that promotes survival and activity of a neuron ( NGF)

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21
Q

What is the most abundant neurotrophin in adult cerebral cortex?

A

Brain-derived neurotropic factor ( BDNF)

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22
Q

True or False. Each area of the brain has a period of massive cell death?

A

True

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23
Q

True or False. Apoptosis occurs throughout a person’s lifetime?

A

False, after maturity apoptotic mechanisms become dormant, except under traumatic conditions

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24
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

a condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects and facial abnormalities

most dendrites are short with few branches

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25
Q

True of False. Axons an

d Dendrites continue to modify their structure throughout life

A

True

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26
Q

What is an Antisaccade task?

A

voluntary eye movement away from a normal direction

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27
Q

What is a Closed Head Injury?

A

sharp blow to the head resulting from an accident, assault, or other sudden trauma that does not puncture the brain

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28
Q

What is the most common form of brain injuries?

A

Closed head injury

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29
Q

What is a stroke?

A

temporary loss of blood flow to a brain area . They can vary tremendously in their severity and is the most common cause of brain injury in the elderly

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30
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

result of blood clot or other obstruction in an artery. More common type of stroke

neurons are deprived of blood and lose much of their oxygen and glucose supplies

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31
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

less common type of stroke, caused by ruptured artery

neurons are flooded with blood and excess oxygen,calcium, and other chemicals

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32
Q

What is Edema?

A

accumulation of fluid, which increases pressure on brain and probability of additional strokes

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33
Q

Both hemorrhage and ischemia impair the..

A

sodium-potassium pump and leads to an accumulation of sodium inside neurons.

Edema and excess sodium provoke excess release of glutamate which over stimulates neurons

34
Q

What is the danger of excess positive ions?

A

block metabolism in mitochondria and kills the neurons

35
Q

What is the best attempt at treatment for strokes?

A

Save neurons from death by blocking glutamate synapses and blocking calcium entry.

Cooling the brain, tPA ( tissue plasminogen activator breaks up blood clots.

Cannabinoids can reduce cell loss after a stroke because of their anti-inflammatory properties. Or injection of omega-3 fatty acids

36
Q

After the first days following brain damage, many of the surviving areas…

A

Increase or reorganize their activity

37
Q

What is Diaschisis?

A

Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

38
Q

Name two ways to stimulate the brain

A

Electrical stimulation & Stimulant drugs ( injection of amphetamines can enhance behaviors)

39
Q

Why should you never want to calm a stoke victim with tranquilizers?

A

It would lead to a decrease in dopamine which would impair recovery

40
Q

True or False. A destroyed axon cannot be replaced

A

False. A destroyed axon can grow back un der certain circumstances, but can only regenerate a millimeter or two. Sometimes attaches to the wrong muscle.

41
Q

If an axon in the PNS is crushed, it…

A

follows its myelin sheath back to the target and grows towards the periphery at the rate of 1m/ day

42
Q

A possible problem that limits axon regeneration in mammals is

A
  • a cut in the nervous system causes a scar to form which then creates a mechanical barrier
  • neurons on the two sides of the cut pull apart
  • when glia in the CNS react to brain damage, they release chemicals that inhibit axon growth
43
Q

What is sprouting?

A

the brain continually adds new branches of axons and dendrites while withdrawing the old ones. Brain damage accelerates this process

44
Q

What do cells that have lost their source of innervation do?

A

They release neurotrophins that induce axons to form collateral sprouts , attaching to the vacant synapses

45
Q

What is Denervation Supersensitivity?

A

heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

46
Q

What is Disuse Supersensitivity?

A

Heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

47
Q

A Postsynapitc cell that is deprived of most of its synaptic inputs develops..

A

increased sensitivity to the neurotransmitters that it still receives

48
Q

Cortex reorganization after amputation

A

becomes responsive to other parts of the body as the original axons degenerate leaving vacant synapses

49
Q

What is Phantom Limb?

A

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part- can range from tingling to intense pain

50
Q

What happens if an entire arm is amputated?

A

the stretch of the cortex that previously responded to the limb, now responds to the face.

When cells in reorganized cortex become activated, they now receive information from the face

Response not feels like stimulation on the arm, not the face

51
Q

What are Deafferented limbs?

A

a limb that has lost its afferent ( sensory) input. Can still be used but aren’t because it’s easier to use another body part

52
Q

What is the process called when a neurons develops dendrites and axon?

A

Differentation

53
Q

What can interfere with the migration of neurons and development?

A

Altering chemical paths

54
Q

Why does a healthy adult brain not have more connections that necessary?

A

Axon dies if it has not made the proper connections

55
Q

What is the function of neurotrophins?

A

to promote survival of axons

56
Q

What is the term for new branches that form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons?

A

Collateral sprouts

57
Q

Ischemia and Hemorrhage kill neurons by…

A

Overstimulating them

58
Q

In an amputee victim that lost a finger, what does the cerebral cortex become responsive to?

A

Other fingers or part of the palm

59
Q

What is the order of visual information process?

A

Receptor, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion

60
Q

Animals with night vision have …

A

A Greater rod to cone ratio

61
Q

In the trichromatic color theory what is the important factor in defining color?

A

Short, medium and long wavelengths

62
Q

Which theory states that even if you wear yellow tinted glasses, you can still tell that a color is green?

A

Retinex Theory

63
Q

Conscious visual perception occurs in what cortical area?

A

V1

64
Q

What fails to develop if a kitten’s vision is restricted to one eye?

A

Depth Perception

65
Q

The ability to recognize faces is increased by

A

the fusiform gyrus

66
Q

What area has suffered damage if an individual has motion blindness?

A

MT Cortex

67
Q

How do axons find their targets?

A

Growing axons follow paths of cells-surface molecules, attracted by some chemicals and repelled by others.

68
Q

What is Neural Darwinism?

A

As nervous system develops, we start with more neurons and synapses than we keep

69
Q

What happens when axons initially reach their target?

A

Each one forms synapses onto many cells in approximately the correct location, and each target cell receives synapses from many axons.

At first, axons make trial connections with many post synaptic cells, and then each post synaptic cell strengthens some synapses and eliminates others

70
Q

What did Rita Levi- Montalcini discover about muscles?

A

That muscles do not determine how many axons form, just how many survive

71
Q

What does Nerve Growth Factor ( NGF) do?

A

promotes survival and growth of the axon

72
Q

When a neuron forms synapse onto a muscle, the muscle..

A

delivers a protein called NGF

73
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed mechanism of cell death

74
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty in maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems , heart defects and facial abnormalities.

Most dendrites are short with few branches

75
Q

True or False? Axons and dendrites continue to modify their structure throughout life?

A

True.

76
Q

True or False? Neurons become more responsive and finely tuned to stimuli that have been important or meaningful in the past?

A

True.

77
Q

True or False. Practicing a skill reorganizes the brain to maximize performance of that skill?

A

True.

78
Q

What is Focal Hand Dystonia?

A

stimulation of one finger excites mostly or entirely the same cortical areas of another finger

79
Q

Define impulsiveness

A

tendency to seek immediate reward or pleasure

80
Q

What is the Antisaccade task?

A

voluntary eye movement away from normal direction.

81
Q

In old age neurons alter their synapses more…

A

slowly. The thickness of the temporal cortex shrinks, volume of hippocampus gradually declines

Physiological Psychology (12 decks)

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