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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 4- Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

part of the PNS is somatic nervous system- consists conveying messages from sense organs to the CNS and from CNS to the muscles

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3
Q

What are the limbs controlled by?

A

Somatic Nervous system

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the heart, intestines and other organs . Has cell bodies in the brain, or spinal cord, in clusters along the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Part of the CNS within the spinal column, communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those in the head

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6
Q

Bell- Magendie Law

A

entering dorsal roots( axon bundles) carry sensory information, and exiting ventral roots carry motor information

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7
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

clusters of neurons outside spinal cord ( contain cell bodies of sensory neurons)

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8
Q

What is the difference between nucleus and ganglion?

A

N- clusters inside the spinal cord

G- neuron cluster outside the CNS

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9
Q

Gray Matter

A

in center of spinal cord and the brain- densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites

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10
Q

White Matter

A

Consists mostly of myelinated axons, carries information from the gray to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord

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11
Q

If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment…

A

brain loses all sensations from that segment and below. Also loses motor control over all parts of the body served by that segment and the lower ones

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous Systems

A

Sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body ( heart rate, bp, digestion, respiration)

Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic systmem

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter does the SNS use?

A

Mostly norepinephrine ( adrenaline)

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

network of nerves that prepare organs for vigorous activity.

Fight or Flight, comprised of ganglia on the left and right side of the spinal cord. Sympathetic ganglia are closely linked and often act as single system in sympathy with one another

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses . Decreases functions increased by the SNS , conserves energy, dominate during relaxed states

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter does the PNS use?

A

Mostly Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Because system uses two different neurotransmitters…

A

certain drugs excite or inhibit one system or another

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18
Q

The Hindbrain

A

consists of medulla, pons and cerebellum

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19
Q

Brainstem

A

consists of medulla, pons, midbrain and hindbrain. Controls vital reflexes

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20
Q

Medulla

A

enlarged extension of spinal cord, controls some vital reflexes through cranial nerve, located just above the spinal cord

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21
Q

Pons

A

lies anterior and ventral to medulla and contains nuclei for several cranial nerves

Contains the Reticular Formation- has ascending and descending portions

Raphe system- sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli

22
Q

What does the Reticular Formation Ascending portion do?

A

sends output to much of cerebral cortex, selectively increases arousal and attention

23
Q

What does the Reticular Formation descending portion do?

A

helps control motor axons of spinal cord

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

large hindbrain structure with many deep folds ( 70% of all neurons in your system )

contributes to control of movement, balance and coordination, helps people shift attention back and forth between auditory and visual stimuli

Cerebellum size= more dexterity

25
Q

Substania Nigra

A

gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement, death of neurons in this area is cause for Parkinson’s disease

26
Q

Forebrain

A

most anterior and most prominent part of mammalian brain, consists of right and left hemispheres, each one organized to receive sensory information and to control muscles

27
Q

Outer portion of the forebrain is

A

Cerebral cortex ( more folds= surface area for neurons)

houses the limbic system- interlinked structures that form border around brainstem, important for motivations and emotions, drives aggression and memory )

28
Q

Diencephalon of the forebrain…

A

consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

29
Q

Thalamus

A

pair of structures in center of forebrain. most sensory information goes first to thalamus, which processes it and sends output to cerebral cortex except for olfactory information

helps focus attention on particular stimuli

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small area near base of the brain just ventral to thalamus

has widespread connections with rest of forebrain and the midbrain, conveys messages to pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones, associated with drives

31
Q

If the hypothalamus is damaged?

A

loss of sense of hunger and sexual motivation

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus that receives messages from hypothalamus and then synthesizes and releases hormones into bloodstream

33
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

group of cortical structures lateral to thalamus

contains caudate nucles, putamen and globus pallidus

has subdivision that exchange information with different parts of cerebral cortex, most connections are with frontal areas of cortex.

Responsible for planning sequences of behavior and for certain aspects of memory and emotional expression, attention, motor movement and language planning

34
Q

Hippocampus

A

large structure between thalamus and cerebral cortex. critical for learning and memory, especially for forming new memories and temporary storage . critical for encoding episodic memories

35
Q

The ventricles

A

four fluid filled cavities within the brain, flow of CSF through ventricles provides “ cushioning” for the brain, reserved for hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

Meninges

A

membranes that surround brain and spinal cord, the brain has no pain receptors but these do

37
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

divided into two halves, joined by the corpus callosum.

Divided into four lobes: Occipital, Parietal, Temporal and Frontal

38
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

lies between occipital lobe and the central sulcus, contains postcentral gyrus ( main target for touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors )

Important for numbers and spatial information

39
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples

primary target for auditory information, essential for understanding spoken language but not for producing it. also contribute to complex aspects of vision, perception of movement and recognition of faces.

They also play a part in emotional and motivational behaviors

Kluver Bucy syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage

40
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

extends from central suclus to anterior limit of brain

contains primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex

precentral gyrus - specialized for control fine movement

41
Q

Prefrontal cortex-

A

recieves information from all sensory systems, but it not primary target for any one

responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking, planning and working memory

42
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

how visual, auditory and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object

43
Q

Ablation

A

removal of brain area

44
Q

lesion

A

damage to brain area

45
Q

Sterotaxic instrument

A

device for precise placement of electrodes in brain

46
Q

Sham lesion

A

lesion produced in control group

47
Q

Electrocephalograph

A

records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes applied to the scalp. good temporal resolution

48
Q

Optogenetics

A

a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a laser within the brain

49
Q

Magentoencephalograph

A

measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity . can localize source of signal better than EEG

50
Q

fMRI

A

measures oxygen consumption in the brain

51
Q

Einstein had an unusually large

A

parietal lobe, useful for numbers and spatial information

Physiological Psychology (12 decks)

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