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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 12- Emotional Behaviors > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Emotional Behaviors Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

Cognitions, Feelings and Actions

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2
Q

The autonomic nervous system is a branch of the…

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Fight or Flight responses and Vigorous Activity

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Conserves energy and increases things like digestion

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5
Q

What is the James- Lange Theory of Emotional Behaviors?

A

That autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first and then emotion.

Emotional feelings result from the body’s actions , it is the label that we give to the arousal of the organs and muscle

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6
Q

What two predictions exist because of James- Lange’s theory ?

A

1) People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
2) Causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance emotion

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7
Q

What is wrong with James- Lange’s theory of emotion?

A

can’t test it

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8
Q

Can paralyzed people still feel emotions?

A

Yes, the same as before their injury

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9
Q

What is pure autonomic failure?

A

output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely

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10
Q

People with pure autonomic failure report their emotions…

A

the same as everyone else, but they feel their emotions much less intensely than previously

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11
Q

What does BOTOX do to our emotions?

A

Blocks transmissions at synapses and nerve-muscle junctions

  • slower time in reading unhappy sentences
  • weaker emotional responses
  • points to body changes being important for emotion
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12
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal, occurs spontaneously

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13
Q

True or False. Inducing a frown leads to the rating of stimuli as slightly less pleasant?

A

true

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14
Q

What is mobius syndrome?

A

people are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile

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15
Q

The limbic system is…

A

the forebrain area surrounding the thalamus, traditionally regarded as critical for emotion

much os the cerebral cortex also reacts to emotional situations

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16
Q

True or False. There are cels that respond only to a particular unpleasant emotion such as sadness or fear?

A

False

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17
Q

What is the only emotion for which brain evidence suggests brain localization is?

A

Disgust

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18
Q

What part of the brain is strongly activated if you see a disgusting picture or facial expression of someone else who is feeling disgusted?

A

Insular Cortex ( Insula) - the primary taste cortex

  • also reacts to frightening and angry pictures
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19
Q

Activity of the left hemisphere relates to the…

A

Behavioral Activation System ( BAS)

  • marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach
  • can characterize either happiness or anger
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20
Q

Activity of the right hemisphere (frontal and temporal lobes) associated with the…

A

Behavioral Inhibition System ( BIS)

  • marked by increased attention and arousal, inhibits action and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust
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21
Q

People with greater activity in frontal cortex of left hemisphere are

A

happier, more outgoing and friendlier

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22
Q

People with greater activity in the right hemisphere are

A

socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life and prone to unpleasant emotions

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23
Q

Which hemisphere appears to be more responsive to emotional stimuli?

A

Right, also better at detecting other people’s emotions

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24
Q

People with damage to the right temporal cortex

A

have problems identifying emotions in others

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25
Q

People with damage to the left hemisphere are

A

better at detecting other’s emotions

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26
Q

What good do emotions do?

A

allow us to make quick decisions, help us make moral decisions ,

adaptive value
fear—escape
anger—-attack

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27
Q

Katkin et al., showed that people who are good at detecting their autonomic responses…

A

may have valid gut feelings about dangers they cannot identify consciously

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28
Q

Contemplating moral decisions activates what part of the brain?

A

prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and amygdala

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29
Q

Damage to parts of the prefrontal cortex

A

impairs decision making and leads to impulse decisions without considering consequences
- stems from failure to anticipate unpleasantness of an outcome

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30
Q

Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex damage to the ventromedial showed..

A

decreased guilt and was never upset

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31
Q

people with damage to either prefrontal cortex or amygdala cannot pick up on

A

feedback cues

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32
Q

Most of the vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals fall into categories of

A

attack and escape

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33
Q

What is the fight or flight system?

A

sympathetic nervous system

corresponding bx are anger and fear

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34
Q

Attack behaviors are associated with in the ——– of the brain?

A

corticomedial area of the amygdala

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35
Q

One likely environmental factor underlying violence is

A

exposure to lead
witness of violence in childhood
violent neighborhood

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36
Q

Violence is particularly enhanced in people with both

A

a genetic predisposition and troubled early environment

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37
Q

Who has the highest rate of aggressive behaviors and violent crime

A

young adult men

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38
Q

True or False. Men with hight testosterone commit more violent behaviors ?

A

True, but only slightly

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39
Q

Testosterone exerts its effects partly by

A

modifying the way people react to various stimuli

40
Q

Testosterone affects different brain areas different…

A

increasing responses of emotion-related areas ( amygdala), while decreasing the ability of cerebral cortex to identify the emotion consciously

41
Q

What is the Triple Imbalance Hypothesis?

A

Violence depends on other chemicals besides testosterone

42
Q

Evidence links aggressive behavior to low

A

serotonin release

43
Q

What is turnover?

A

the amount that neurons release and replace- estimated by measuring metabolites in body fluids

44
Q

Valzelli found that isolating male mice for 4 weeks…

A

increased their aggressive behavior and decreased their serotonin turnover

45
Q

2 year old male monkeys in lowest quartile for 5-HIAA ( lowest serotonin turnover) were the most

A

aggressive, had greatest probability of attacking larger monkeys and incurred the most injuries

46
Q

Evolutionary implications of turnover?

A

select for an intermediate amount of anxiety and aggression

  • might also select for high aggressive bx
  • may die young but more likely to achieve a dominant position
47
Q

How can you alter serotonin synthesis by changes in diet?

A
  • tryptophan- amino acid found in small amounts of proteins
  • diet high in other amino acids impairs brain’s ability to synthesize serotonin
  • people with aggressive or suicidal tendencies should reduce consumption of :
    Aspartame ( contains phenylalanine) and Maize ) increases phenylalanine and decreases tryptophan which results in low serotonin
48
Q

Does serotonin decrease violence?

A

no

49
Q

Clinical depression is linked to low

A

serotonin

50
Q

high levels of serotonin______ and low levels ____

A

inhibit a variety of impulses, remove inhibitions

51
Q

Startle Reflex

A

response to an unexpected loud noise, extremely fast, occurs within 2/10 of a second

if you are already tense then the startle reflex is more vigorous

axons extend to areas of the midbrain that relay info from the nucleus in the pons

52
Q

Auditory info stimulates…

A

an area of the pons that commands tensing of the neck and other muscles, reaches pons within 3-8 milliseconds

53
Q

Which part of the brain is most important for enhancing startle response?

A

amygdala

output from the amygdala to hypothalamus controls autonomic fear responses ( increase blood pressure)

also has axons to areas of prefrontal cortex that control approach and avoidance behaviors

54
Q

Does amygdala damage destroy fear?

A
  • damages learning of fear responses
  • no retention of previously learned fears
  • damages understanding things that have emotional consequences
55
Q

Toxoplasma gondi

A

protozoan that infects many mammals but only reproduces in cats ( damages amygdala)

56
Q

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

A

regulates long-term, generalized emotional responses

57
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome?

A

effect of amygdala damage in monkeys, are tame and placid, display less than normal fear of snakes and larger dominant monkeys.
- alters social bx in that they have decreases ability to interpret threat gestures

58
Q

Human amygdala reacts ____ when people look at photos that arouse fear of photos of faces showing fear

A

strongly

59
Q

When is the amygdala most responsive?

A

When meaning is unclear and requires some processing, when reacting to emotional stimuli

also responds to stimuli not consciously perceived

60
Q

People’s tendency toward anxiety generally..

A

remains fairly consistent over time

61
Q

Soldiers with initial increased amygdala response showed…

A

more combat stress

62
Q

True or False. People with amygdala damage do not lose their emotions?

A

True. But it does impair processing of emotional stimuli

they continue to experience cognitive aspect of unpleasant emotions but not the feeling part

63
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease

A

rare genetic disorder that causes calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away

64
Q

Patient SM. exhibited what kind of response to fear?

A

none. robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, not scared of strangers

65
Q

Are people with amygdala damage tend to focus on what aspects of the face?

A

nose and mouth instead of eyes. they are not incapable of recognizing fear, its just more difficult for them

66
Q

Alternative interpretation of the function of the amygdala?

A

responsible detecting emotional information and directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in proper ways

67
Q

Panic Disorder

A

characterized by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating and trembling

15% of people have joint laxity
linked to abnormalities in the hypothalamus
increased Orexin and decreases GABA

68
Q

Anxiety is increased by transmitters…

A

orexin and CCK in amygdala or hippocampus. no drugs based on these have been approved

69
Q

The main inhibitory transmitter is

A

GABA- decreases anxiety

70
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

are the most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs

  • Valium
  • Librium
  • Xanx

They bind to the GABA receptor and facilitate the effects of GABA to exert effects in the amygdala, hypothalamus and midbrain

71
Q

Ethyl Alcohol

A

has bx effects similar to those of benzodiazepines, due to its effects on GABA ( enhances them)

72
Q

Classical conditioning can

A

extinguish fear response, but they may return in times of stress. often effective to relieve phobias

73
Q

When is it easier to extinguish a learned fear response?

A

immediately after original learning, before it becomes consolidated

74
Q

Propanolol

A

drug that interferes with protein synthesis at certain synapses in the amygdala, causing decrease in fear intensity

75
Q

Selye defined stress as…

A

the nonspecific response if the body to any demand made upon it

76
Q

Generalized Adaptation Syndrome

A

sympathetic nervous system.

Alarm- increased activity of SNS, readying body for brief emergency activity

Resistance- as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones that enable body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections and heal wounds

Exhaustion- third stage in which individual is tired, inactive and vulnerable because nervous system and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses

77
Q

Stress related illnesses and psychiatric problems in industrialized societies

A

Sapolosky argued that the nature of todays’s crises are more prolonged and accounts for widespread stress-related illnesses and psychiatric problems in industrial societies

78
Q

Stress Activates two body systems

A

Sympathetic Nervous System and the HPA axis ( hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex) HPA becomes dominant response to prolonged stressors

79
Q

the HPA axis

A

reacts more slowly than autonomic nervous system,

80
Q

Anterior pituitary gland secretes

A

cortisol, which enhances metabolic activity and elevates blood levels of sugar and other nutrients

81
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, the most important element of the immune system

82
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

when immune system attacks normal cells

83
Q

B cells

A

mature mostly in bone marrow and secrete antibodies

84
Q

Antibodies

A

Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens

85
Q

Antigens

A

Surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules ( unique like fingerprints)

B cells recognize “ self” antigens but attack cells when they find an unfamiliar antigen

86
Q

T cells

A

mature in the thymus gland and attack intruders directly and some help other T cells or B cells multiply

87
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

attack tumor cells and cells that infected with viruses

88
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells in response to infection

they combat infection and also communicate with the brain to elicit appropriate bx

they trigger hypothalamus to produce fever, sleepiness,etc because sleep and inactivity are the bodies way of conserving energy to fight illness

89
Q

Prostaglandins

A

additional chemicals produced by immune system that promote sleepiness

90
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of relationship between nervous system and the immune system

91
Q

How stress affects the immune system

A
  • nervous system activates immune system to increase production of natural killer cells and cytokines ( even fear or anger enhances immune system response temporarily)
  • elevated cytokine levels help combat infections, but also trigger brain to produce symptoms of illness
92
Q

Prolonged Stress Response

A

prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism and therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins
- stress longer than a mont significantly increases the likelihood of illness

93
Q

True or False. Prolonged stress can also harm the hippocampus?

A

True.
Stress releases cortisol, which enhances metabolic activity throughout body, when metabolic level is high in hippocampus, its cells become more vulnerable, toxins or overstimulation are then more likely to damage or kill hippocampal neurons

94
Q

high levels of cortisol may be responsible for deterioration of the hippocampus and decline of memory…

A

in older people.

Older people with highest cortisol levels tend to be those with smallest hippocampi and greatest memory problems

Stress can shrink the hippocampus

95
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD)

A

disorder that occurs in some people after terrifying experiences. Last at least a month, includes flashbacks and nightmares, avoidance of reminders, exaggerated arousal in response to noise and other stimuli

96
Q

Most PTSD have

A

a smaller than average hippocampus

victims show lower than average cortisol levels both immediately after traumatic events and weeks later, ill equipped to combat stress

97
Q

What part of the brain is essential for extreme emotional impact that produces PTSD?

A

Amygdala

Physiological Psychology (12 decks)

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