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Pmb > Chapter 5 - Dev And Aging > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Dev And Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss apositional growth & osgood-schlatter

A

Appositional growth = bone grows in length +girth by new tissue under periosteum

Osgood - schlatter = irritation of traction epiphysis of site where patellar tendon attaches to tibia below knee
- overuse threatens pain free ROM

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2
Q

What age do plates close, what relationship exists bw bone mineral density / mineral content

A

18-19

+ relationship bw postnatal growth in weight and bone mineral content/density

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3
Q

List 5 causes of bone loss w/ aging

A

1) H levels
2) dietary deficiencies
3) decr. Exercise
4) menopausal = decr. Estrogen BC of reg osteoblasts activity
5) prolonged calcium deficiency

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4
Q

Define osteoporosis, physical activity. Explain which extrinsic factors influences bone loss

A

Osteoporosis = less than average bone mineral density, eventually loss of bone strength as bones become porous through enlargement of canals and formation of spaces in bone greatly incr. risk of fractures

Physical activity = mech forces applied to bone to help maintain bone thickness and density

Extrinsic factors - h level, diet and exercise

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5
Q

Explain dev of muscle system in early dev with reference to

  • sex diffs
  • muscle fibre types
A

Fibres + cell grow during prenatal-life by trophy and plasia

@birth muscle mass is 23-30%

Plasia continue shortly after birth, the trophy

amount of incr. related to intensity muscle activity during growth = addition of sarcomeres @ muscle tendon junction allows muscle growth w/ skeleton

Boys - muscle mass incr. rapidly up to 17
Girls - until 13

Sex diffs related to hormonal influences

2 types of fibres

  • slow twitch t1 for endurance
  • fast twitch t2 a,x and b for short duration
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6
Q

Discuss muscle mass % in older adults, and list 4 possible causes for degeneration

A

After 50 = lose mass at faster rate. 30% lost by 80. Up to 50% can be lost

Causes

1) change in diet, lack of activity
2) heart ability to adapt to incr. workload
3) Bv lose elasticity
4) lifestyle And pathology

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7
Q

Explain the role of adipose, and discuss its dev in early life

A

Energy storage, insulation and protection

First appear in fetus at 3,5 months and incr. rapidly last 2 prenatal months. Rapid incr. first 6 months incr. Gradually until 8. Girls have dramatic incr. and adult women have higher fat%

Incr. by plasia + trophy but cell size not incr. dramatically until puberty. Childhood int. fat incr. faster than subcutaneous

Boys + girls subcutaneous incr. until 12/13 boys lose in mid adolescence

adipose persist once formed even w/ malnutrition

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8
Q

Discuss adipose in adulthood

  • male body weight
  • active vs sedentary
  • redistribution
  • social pressure
A

Male body decline after 50 BC of bone and muscle degeneration. Body fat continue incr.

Subcutaneous fat redistributes to abdomen = obesity = incr. risk of cvd

Active add less fat than sedentary

Overweight can be constraint

Social pressure and self esteem can discourage participation

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9
Q

Give function of endo system

A

Exert control over specific cellular functions through chem hormones. Secreted in hypothalamus and pit gland -> reg adrenal, thyroid amd sex glands

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10
Q

Give function of hormones

A

Stim protein anabolism = constructive anabolism = retention of substances needed to build tissue

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11
Q

List and describe the 3 hormones and their role in endo dev(and insulin)

A

GH

  • influence growth in childhood and adolescence by stim proteins in anabolism = new tissue built
  • Ant pit gland
  • absence cause growth abnormalities

Thyroid hormones

  • ant. Neck
  • pit gland secrete TSH reg by TH by thyroid gland
  • TSH release factor into hypothalamus
  • endo Neuro connection

Gonadal

  • affects growth and sex maturation
  • androgens from cortex hasten fusion of epiphyseal growth plates
  • promo skeletal maturation @ expense of linear height
  • androgens role on muscle spurts by incr. nitrogen retention and protein synthesis
  • estrogen promo - fat accumulation

Insulin

  • prod in pancreas
  • carb metabolism stim
  • transport glucose and amino acids through membranes
  • NB for GH functioning
  • deficiency can decr.protein synthesis
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12
Q

Explain gradual imbalance theory

A

Overtime NS, endo and immune fail to function

Imbalance = incr. risk of disease

Women receiving hormone replacement @ menopause are incr. risk of cancers

Can be constraint to activity

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13
Q

Discuss prenatal growth of NS , and neuron maturation

A

Prenatal growth immature neurons differentiate and migrate to final position.

Proliferate at rate of 250k per min

200b form

3-4th month = all formed

Neuron cell body has 100k dendrites

Final position determined by 6th prenatal month

  • brainstem= heartbeat and breathing
  • CC = proprioception and thought
  • cerebellum = posture

Migration NB to brain dev. Grows along chem trail and general destination and connects to others

Natural pruning process

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14
Q

List 2 potential causes of faulty neuron migration

A

Mom nicotine

Alcohol

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15
Q

An injury to the left cc can cause

A

Language deficits

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16
Q

Postnatal NS dev is susceptible to

A

Extrinsic factors

17
Q

Define myelination

A

Process whereby axons of neural cells are insulated when myelin sheaths are formed by Schwann cells around axon

18
Q

What stage marks an increase of myelination in postnatal dev

A

2-3 weeks after birth

19
Q

Name and explain the 2 nerve pathways / tracts

A

Extrapyrimidal tract
- involved in deliver commands for random and postural movements made by infant

Pyramidal tract

  • involved in myelination after birth
  • 4-5months after controls finger movements
20
Q

Define neurogenesis

A

Division and propagation of neurons

21
Q

Explain the neural network theory

A

Signal travels through network. With age =’paths break at random meaning signals detour = slow reactions

22
Q

What factors play role in NS changes

A

Extrinsic = rigorous exercise can minimize loss of neurons and synopses by constant supply blood

23
Q

Define ossification centre. list and describe the 2 types

A

Site appears gradually in cartilage where bone is deposited

Primary

  • mid portion of long bones
  • form bone cells starting at fetal age of 2 months from centre outwards until birth when entire shafts are ossified

Secondary

  • epiphyseal plates @ end of bone shaft
  • plates has many cellular types where cartilage forms, grows, aligns and erodes to leave new bone in place
  • bone laid downn@ epiphyseal plates to incr. bone length
  • process of laying down new bones depends on adequate blood supply
  • any injury that threatens blood supply threatens bone normal growth
  • small bones ossify from centre outwards

Pmb (5 decks)

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