Chapter 4 - Physical Growth, Maturation And Aging Flashcards
Explain universality and variability
Ability to ID patterns and relationships in growth and aging of humans
Indivs differences also factor
Prenatal growth and dev influences _____
Talents and limitations each indiv brings to task
Define universality and specificity
Uni - patterns hold true for all humans
Spec- indiv variation
List 2 ways prenatal dev can be controlled
Genes affect normal dev + can inherit abnormal dev = cystic fibrosis / downs
List 2 ways embryo / fetus Is sensitive to extrinsic factors
1) + effects are nutrients / vitamins
2) - effects are abnormal ext. pressure , viruses, drugs in mom blood (fetal alcohol syndrome )
Discuss embryonic dev (4 points)
Conception to 8 weeks
During 8 weeks = diff of cells to form specific tissues and organs
Limbs formed at 4 weeks + heartbeat
Human form noticeable at 8 weeks = eyes, ears,nose, mouth, fingers, toes
Explain fetal dev
- hyperplasia + trophy
- cephalocaudal + proximodistal
- plasticity
8’weeks to birth.
Growth and cell diff leads to functional capacity
Hyperplasia = incr. absolute # cells Hypertrophy = incr. relative size of indiv cell
Cephalocaudal
- direction of growth starting at head and extending towards lower body
Proximodistal
- direction of growth proceeding from body towards extremities
Plasticity = capacity cells take in new functions
Define nourishment system and discuss the NB of fetal nourishment
Nourishment system = extrinsic factor has most influence on fetal dev
O2 and nutrients diffuse bw fetal and maternal blood in placenta
Growing fetus needs energy, nutrients and O2
Poor maternal health can affect fetus
List 2 sources of abnormal prenatal dev, and explain congenital defects
Genetic (inherited) or extrinsic( drugs, virus)
Congenital can derive from either source. Anomalie @ birth regardless of cause
How does postnatal dev proceed & list the chars
Proceeds in precise, orderly pattern but indiv variability in landmark events is incr. obvious as move through infancy -> childhood-> preadolescence -> adolescence
Chars
- rapid growth after birth followed by gradual but steady growth, the rapid growth in childhood and then rapid growth during early adolescence and finally leveling off (s shaped curves)
What pattern does height follow, and list differences bw boys and girls
Sigmoid
Boys : peak at 11.5 - 12years, taper off at 14, end at 16. Large growth period explains absolute height diffs
Girls : peak height at 13.5 -14, tapers at 17 end at 18
Differentiate bw distance and velocity curves
Distance = shows extent of growth plotted vs advancing age
Velocity = rates of growth can be plotted more dramatically -> graphs of growth speed
Explain relative growth - how different parts have different growth rates
Body as whole follows sigmoid. Proportions change from head-heavy to short legged to forming adult proportions. New-born to achieve adult proportions = parts must grow faster during postnatal growth
Discuss physiological maturation in developing
Tissues can grow w/o incr. in size. Biochem composition of cells, organs and systems can advance qualitatively
Children at youth grow in size and mature
Vary in maturation rates - diff maturation status
Difficult to infer maturation from size, age together
What stage do secondary sex chars dev?
Appear as function of maturation
At young age for early dev, later stage for late dev.
Girls as group dev faster than boys = enter adolescent growth spurt sooner, 2ndary sex chars appear sooner
