Chapter 5: Database and Content Management Flashcards
Why Do You Need to Know About Databases
For one, databases are everywhere.
Every time you make a cell phone call, log on to the Internet, or buy something online using a credit card, applications behind the scenes are processing numerous databases.
Reasons for Learning Database Technology
1) When you participate in the development of any new business initiative, you need to know if database technology can facilitate your project goals.
2) Because databases are ubiquitous in commerce, billions of bytes of data are stored every day. You need to know how to turn that data into a format from which you can construct useful information.
3) Business is dynamic, and information systems must adapt. Often, such adaptation means that the structure of the database needs to be changed.
4) Finally, you might someday find yourself or your department in a material mess.
What Is the Purpose of a Database?
A database keeps track of things
Lists that involve a single theme can be stored in a
spreadsheet
lists that involve multiple themes require a
database
Content
can be difficult to define.
In the broadest sense, content is something of value and can be considered an asset just like other items of property.
Intellectual property
as a form of creative endeavour that can be protected through a trademark, patent, copyright, industrial design, or integrated circuit topography.
One way of thinking about content management is to separate the ______ of content from the ________ of content
management
presentation
Content management systems (CMSs)
Information system that tracks organizational documents, webpages, raphics, and related materials
Database
self-describing collection of integrated records
Byte
Character of data (an 8 bit chunk)
Columns (aka fields)
Database table has multiple columns that are used to represent the attributes of an entity
Row (aka record)
Groups of columns in a database table
Table (aka file)
Group of similar rows or records in a database
Key
a column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table.
Every table must have a key.
Foreign keys
This term is used because such columns are keys, but they are keys of a different (foreign) table from the one in which they reside.
Relational databases
Databases that carry their data in the form of tables and that represent relationships using foreign keys
Metadata
Data that describes data
database application system
Applications with the standard five components that make database data more accessible and useful
Users employ a database application that consists of forms, formatted reports, queries, and application programs. Each of these, in turn, calls on the DBMS to process the database tables
The Database Management System (DBMS)
program used to create, process, and administer a database
As is the case with operating systems, almost no organization develops its own DBMS.
Instead, companies license DBMS products from vendors, such as IBM, Microsoft, and Oracle
DB2
Popular, enterprise-class DBMS product from IBM
Access
Popular personal and small workgroup DBMS product from Microsoft
vast majority of databases used by small and mid-sized enterprises.
DB2 Access SQL Server Oracle MySQL
DBMS and a database are two different things
A DBMS is a software program
a database is a collection of tables, relationships, and metadata
Applications use the DBMS for four operations:
read, insert, modify, or delete data
Structured Query Language (SQL)
an international standard language for processing a database.
database application
a collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database.
Form
Data entry forms are used to read, insert, modify, and delete database data
Report
Presentation of data in a structured, or meaningful, context
Query
A request for data from a database (same as control f to search everything)
multiuser processing
When multiple users process the database at the same time
lost-update problem
When more than one user is on the system but it does not know how to account for both, so changing 1 thing on 1 side will not show up on the other screen to let the other user know they are low stock (2 widgets, not 7)
DBMS products fall into two broad categories
1) Enterprise DBMS
2) Personal DBMS
1) Enterprise DBMS
products process large organizational and workgroup databases. These products support many (perhaps thousands of) users and many different database applications. They also support 24/7 operations and can manage databases that span dozens of different magnetic disks with thousands of gigabytes or more of data.
IBM’s DB2, Microsoft’s SQL Server, and Oracle’s Oracle are examples of enterprise DBMS products.
2) Personal DBMS
products are designed for smaller, simpler database applications. Such products are used for personal or small workgroup applications that involve fewer than 100 users, and normally fewer than 15. In fact, the great bulk of databases in this category have only a single user.
ACID
(atomic, consistent, isolated, durable) transactions
This acronym means that either all of a transaction is processed or none of it is (atomic), that transactions are processed in the same manner (consistent) whether processed alone or in the presence of millions of other transactions (isolated), and that once a transaction is stored, it never goes away—even in the presence of failure (durable).
Dynamo
Nonrelational data store developed by Amazon.com
BigTable
Nonrelational data store developed by Google.com
Cassandra
Nontraditional DBMS Types
1) NoSQL DBMS
2) NewSQL DBMS
3) In-memory DBMS
1) NoSQL DBMS
refers to new DBMS products that support very high transaction rates processing relatively simple data structures, replicated on many servers in the cloud, without ACID transaction support. MongoDB, Cassandra, Bigtable, and Dynamo are NoSQL products.
2) NewSQL DBMS
These DBMS products process very high levels of transactions, like the NoSQL DBMS, but provide ACID support. They may or may not support the relational model.
3) In-memory DBMS
This category consists of DBMS products that process databases in main memory. This technique has become possible because newer computer memories can be enormous and can hold an entire database at one time, or at least very large chunks of it.
