Chapter 5: Correlates of Crime Flashcards
Correlates
A phenomenon that accompanies another phenomenon and is related in some way to it. (variables that are connected with crime)
Correlates of Crime include 6 things.
- Age
- Gender
- Ethno-racial background
- drug and alcohol misuse
- Socioeconomic status
- Spatial location of offences.
TRUE OR FALSE: Old people are disproportionately represented in crime generally, especially in violent crimes.
FALSE: It’s Young people.
What are some exceptions in criminal activity for youth?
Political crimes, corruption, and other white collar crimes since they require structural opportunities and employment opportunities not yet available to youth.
Most crime committed by Canadian youth are _______.
Nonviolent
What is the most common crime among Canadian youth?
Theft under $5,000.
Level 1 Assault
Assaultive acts that do not cause any physical harm to victims
Level 2 Assault
Assaults involve carrying, using, or threatening to use an imitation or real weapon.
Administration-of-Justice.
Failure to report to court
Mischief
Crime of vandalism; unlawful interference with someone else’s property that causes damage.
Youth homicide offenders are more likely to… (2 things)
- more likely than adults to victimize strangers
2. more likely than adults to commit homicides as a group rather than as an individual.
Maturational Reform
People are less likely to commit crime as they grow older
maturational Reform encompasses 3 factors.
- Aging brings physiological limitations
- Formation of various types of social bonds
- Involves a more socially responsible trajectory of human agency.
Life Course Theory
Concerned with the “role of age-graded transitions and social controls”
Adolescence is a period of _____
Ambiguity
This is an underlying casual process whose end product is reducing or ending involvement in criminal activity
Desistance
Which sex’s offending increases after breakup
Males
Females are ____ likely to be charged with criminal offences
Less
Level of _________ in a specific type of crime is varied between men and women
involvement
This gender was most commonly accused for theft and fraud
Women
Adult female sentences are generally ______ than those given to male counterparts
shorter
Why do women receive more lenient punishments? (2 reasons)
- Men commit more serious crimes, especially more violent offences
- Female offenders’ responsibility for young children
Dangerous Offender
sheds light on those considered most violent among the pop. of convicted serious crime
5 pathways to women’s involvement in crime
- Harmed and Harming Women
- Battered Women
- Street women
- Drug-connected women
- Other women
“Harmed and Harming Women”
Women who have endured abuse and have had a difficult family life.- These women commit crimes when intoxicated or when they are unable to control their anger
“Battered Women”
Criminal activities are precipitated by an abusive partner. Relationship with abusive men are defining factor in the criminal activity of such women.
“Street women”
Women who suffer serious levels of abuse in childhood or in present relationships, engage in various survival mechanisms such as Prostitution, drug-selling, and theft. Tend to have long criminal history.
“Drug-Connected Women”
Women who have engaged in illicit drug use and sale in part because of their relationship with people who are involved. These women are not necessarily drug-addicts, nor do they have long criminal histories.
“Other Women”
Refers to person with no history of unfavourable family life, who have not suffered abuse and who are not street entrenched, but who are engaged in crime for economic gain.
Role convergence Hypothesis
As work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime.
The gender gap in crime had ________.
decreased
Women’s participation/ pathways to corporate crime are ______
relational
____ of women participated due to pressure or directives from male bosses
3/4
____ is not a strong correlate to crime like age and sex
Race
In Canada, who is overrepresented in every aspect of the Canadian Justice system?
Indigenous Peoples
2 explanations for the overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system
- Differential Offending Hypothesis
2. Differential Treatment Hypothesis
Differential Offending Hypothesis
There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns
Differential Treatment Hypothesis
Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process.
Cultural Theories of Crime
Examine the traits, characteristics, or way of life of an identifiable group to explain the involvement of members of that group in the criminal justice process
Structural Theories
institutional arrangements and the routine functioning of the criminal justice system are major explanatory factors for ethno-racial profile of crime statistics
The Colonial Model
Focuses on the intersection of “structural oppression, alienation and three adaptive forms of behaviour- assimilation, crime/deviance, and protest.
Cultural Imposition
Native populations are forced to adopt the values and way of life of the colonial power, leading to a collapse of norms and ways of the colonized group.
“Mentacide”
The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group’s mind with the ultimate objective being the extirpation of the group
“Cultural Limbo”/ Double Alienation
A colonized pop. is routinely and forcefully expected to shed its native identity, language, and customs.
Cultural Limbo/ Double alienation can manifest itself in crime via __________
Self-hate
Horizontal Violence
Violent acts by the person within their social class
Social Constructionist approach to Crime
Proposes that a crime is whatever a particular society defines it to be.
Legal Indeterminacy
“Not every legal case has one correct outcome” - court decisions are not always predictable
Racialization
A process in which categories of the pop. are constructed, differentiated, interiorized, and excluded.
The use of _____ _____ is strongly correlated street crimes including murder, robbery, auto theft, and mischief
Illicit drugs
Goldstein’s model suggests that drugs cause crime in three ways
- Psychopharmacological
- Economic Compulsive
- Systemic
People in ______ socio economic status have historically been seen as responsible for crime.
Lower
There is overall little correlation between SES and __________.
Delinquency
Collective efficacy Theory
Crime is not randomly distributed; it is a consequence of structural disadvantage and limited collective efficacy
