Chapter 5 - Coordination & Subordination Flashcards
What is coordination?
The pairing of similar elements — words, phrases, or clauses — to give equal weight to each pair is called coordination.
Coordination can link two independent clauses to form a compound sentence.
TIP (coordinating)
The first way to combine independent clauses (for complete thoughts) is to use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction.
Always use a comma before FANBOYS when it coordinates
It is the safer bet to use a comma although not always needed
TIP (coordinating)
A second way to combine independent clauses (or complete thoughts) is to use a semi colon, an adverbial conjunction, and a comma.
Adverbial Conjunctions / Conjunctive Adverbs
Another set of connecting words.
They have similar meaning to the common coordinating conjunctions, but give the compound sentence more emphasis.
They may sound more formal.
If an adverbial conjunction connects 2 independent clauses, place a semicolon before it.
If it does not, use a comma instead.
TIP (adverbial conjunctions)
Unlike a comma and a coordinating conjunction, the combination of a comma and an adverbial conjunction cannot connect 2 independent clauses.
Adverbial Conjunction List
Addition (and)
In addition, also, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
Alternative (or)
Instead, otherwise
Result (so)
Accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus
Contrast (but)
However, nevertheless, nonetheless
Emphasis
Indeed, in fact
Time
Meanwhile
TIP (coordinating: semicolons)
The third way to combine two independent clauses is to use a semicolon by itself (without an adverbial conjunction)
The grammatical structure of both clauses are usually similar
Shows that the content of the clauses are closely related
Coordination vs. Subordination
When you use coordination to combine sentences, the ideas in both of the resulting clauses are given equal weight.
However ideas are not always equally important.
Subordination allows you to show which idea is the main idea.
Subordination
Is the method used to combine sentences whose ideas are not equally important.
It is a combination of an independent clause and a dependent clause.
The more important idea is the independent clause and the lesser one the dependant clause
The sentence that results is called a complex clause
There are various methods of subordination; the method you choose shows the relationship between the main idea and the second one.
Common subordinating conjunctions
To introduce condition:
If, even if, as long as, provided that, unless
To introduce contrast:
Although, even though, through
To introduce a cause:
Because, since
To show time:
After, before, when, whenever, while, until
To show place:
Where, wherever
To show purpose:
In order that, so that
Extra
Rather, while, whereas, until
What is a complex sentence?
An independent and dependent clause joined by subordination.
TIP (subordination)
Use a comma when you begin a sentence with a dependent clause.
Do not use a comma when the independent clause comes first
Comma can be omitted if dependant clause is essential to the main idea.
Name the type of clauses (independent, dependent)
While photographer was getting ready
Before the guests arrived
I’ve been a bridesmaid for two of my friends
Even though we’re all in our teens
This one was more fun than most
Whenever I see you
Since I did not take the subway
DC
DC
IC
DC
IC
DC
DC
Summary/TIP
How clauses — independent and dependent — can be linked to combine complete sentences
IC — adverbial conjunctions — IC
IC—coordinating conjunctions—IC
IC — ; — IC
DC — , — IC
IC — — DC
Relative Pronouns
Can be used to combine two sentences.
Common ones:
Refers to people — who, whose, whom, that
Refers to things — which, that, whose
There are two types clauses (clause with relative pronoun)
Restrictive and unrestrictive
